An Optically Induced Dielectrophoresis (ODEP)-Based Microfluidic System for the Isolation of High-Purity CD45(neg)/EpCAM(neg) Cells from the Blood Samples of Cancer Patients—Demonstration and Initial Exploration of the Clinical Significance of These Cells

Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in blood circulation play an important role in cancer metastasis. CTCs are generally defined as the cells in circulating blood expressing the surface antigen EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule). Nevertheless, CTCs with a highly metastatic nature might undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), after which their EpCAM expression is downregulated. In current CTC-related studies, however, these clinically important CTCs with high relevance to cancer metastasis could be missed due to the use of the conventional CTC isolation methodologies. To precisely explore the clinical significance of these cells (i.e., CD45(neg)/EpCAM(neg) cells), the high-purity isolation of these cells from blood samples is required. To achieve this isolation, the integration of fluorescence microscopic imaging and optically induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP)-based cell manipulation in a microfluidic system was proposed. In this study, an ODEP microfluidic system was developed. The optimal ODEP operating conditions and the performance of live CD45(neg)/EpCAM(neg) cell isolation were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the proposed system was capable of isolating live CD45(neg)/EpCAM(neg) cells with a purity as high as 100%, which is greater than the purity attainable using the existing techniques for similar tasks. As a demonstration case, the cancer-related gene expression of CD45(neg)/EpCAM(neg) cells isolated from the blood samples of healthy donors and cancer patients was successfully compared. The initial results indicate that the CD45(neg)/EpCAM(neg) nucleated cell population in the blood samples of cancer patients might contain cancer-related cells, particularly EMT-transformed CTCs, as suggested by the high detection rate of vimentin gene expression. Overall, this study presents an ODEP microfluidic system capable of simply and effectively isolating a specific, rare cell species from a cell mixture.