Preparation of LiFePO(4)/C Cathode Materials via a Green Synthesis Route for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

In this work, LiFePO(4)/C composite were synthesized via a green route by using Iron (III) oxide (Fe(2)O(3)) nanoparticles, Lithium carbonate (Li(2)CO(3)), glucose powder and phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)) solution as raw materials. The reaction principles for the synthesis of LiFePO(4)/C composite were analyzed, suggesting that almost no wastewater and air polluted gases are discharged into the environment. The morphological, structural and compositional properties of the LiFePO(4)/C composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra coupled with thermogravimetry/Differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC) thermal analysis in detail. Lithium-ion batteries using such LiFePO(4)/C composite as cathode materials, where the loading level is 2.2 mg/cm(2), exhibited excellent electrochemical performances, with a discharge capability of 161 mA h/g at 0.1 C, 119 mA h/g at 10 C and 93 mA h/g at 20 C, and a cycling stability with 98.0% capacity retention at 1 C after 100 cycles and 95.1% at 5 C after 200 cycles. These results provide a valuable approach to reduce the manufacturing costs of LiFePO(4)/C cathode materials due to the reduced process for the polluted exhaust purification and wastewater treatment.