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Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain
The etiology of motor neuron disease (MND) is still unknown. The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze MND mortality at a fine-grained level; and (2) explore associations of MND and heavy metals released into Spanish river basins. MND deaths were extracted from the Spanish nationwide mortality reg...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266970/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30423874 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112522 |
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author | Sánchez-Díaz, Germán Escobar, Francisco Badland, Hannah Arias-Merino, Greta Posada de la Paz, Manuel Alonso-Ferreira, Verónica |
author_facet | Sánchez-Díaz, Germán Escobar, Francisco Badland, Hannah Arias-Merino, Greta Posada de la Paz, Manuel Alonso-Ferreira, Verónica |
author_sort | Sánchez-Díaz, Germán |
collection | PubMed |
description | The etiology of motor neuron disease (MND) is still unknown. The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze MND mortality at a fine-grained level; and (2) explore associations of MND and heavy metals released into Spanish river basins. MND deaths were extracted from the Spanish nationwide mortality registry (2007–2016). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for MND were estimated at a municipal level. Sites that emitted quantities of heavy metals above the regulatory thresholds were obtained from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register database (2007–2015). The relative risks for non-exposed and exposed municipalities (considering a downstream 20 km river section) by type of heavy metal were analyzed using a log-linear model. SMRs were significantly higher in central and northern municipalities. SMRs were 1.14 (1.10–1.17) higher in areas exposed to heavy metals than in non-exposed areas: 0.95 (0.92–0.96). Considering the different metals, we found the following increased MND death risks in exposed areas: 20.9% higher risk for lead, 20.0% for zinc, 16.7% for arsenic, 15.7% for chromium, 15.4% for cadmium, 12.7% for copper, and 12.4% for mercury. This study provides associations between MND death risk and heavy metals in exposed municipalities. Further studies investigating heavy metal exposure are needed to progress in MND understanding. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6266970 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62669702018-12-15 Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain Sánchez-Díaz, Germán Escobar, Francisco Badland, Hannah Arias-Merino, Greta Posada de la Paz, Manuel Alonso-Ferreira, Verónica Int J Environ Res Public Health Article The etiology of motor neuron disease (MND) is still unknown. The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze MND mortality at a fine-grained level; and (2) explore associations of MND and heavy metals released into Spanish river basins. MND deaths were extracted from the Spanish nationwide mortality registry (2007–2016). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for MND were estimated at a municipal level. Sites that emitted quantities of heavy metals above the regulatory thresholds were obtained from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register database (2007–2015). The relative risks for non-exposed and exposed municipalities (considering a downstream 20 km river section) by type of heavy metal were analyzed using a log-linear model. SMRs were significantly higher in central and northern municipalities. SMRs were 1.14 (1.10–1.17) higher in areas exposed to heavy metals than in non-exposed areas: 0.95 (0.92–0.96). Considering the different metals, we found the following increased MND death risks in exposed areas: 20.9% higher risk for lead, 20.0% for zinc, 16.7% for arsenic, 15.7% for chromium, 15.4% for cadmium, 12.7% for copper, and 12.4% for mercury. This study provides associations between MND death risk and heavy metals in exposed municipalities. Further studies investigating heavy metal exposure are needed to progress in MND understanding. MDPI 2018-11-11 2018-11 /pmc/articles/PMC6266970/ /pubmed/30423874 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112522 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Sánchez-Díaz, Germán Escobar, Francisco Badland, Hannah Arias-Merino, Greta Posada de la Paz, Manuel Alonso-Ferreira, Verónica Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain |
title | Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain |
title_full | Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain |
title_fullStr | Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain |
title_full_unstemmed | Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain |
title_short | Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain |
title_sort | geographic analysis of motor neuron disease mortality and heavy metals released to rivers in spain |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266970/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30423874 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112522 |
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