Aqueous Extracts of the Edible Gracilaria tenuistipitata are Protective Against H(2)O(2)-Induced DNA Damage, Growth Inhibition, and Cell Cycle Arrest

Potential antioxidant properties of an aqueous extract of the edible red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata (AEGT) against oxidative DNA damage were evaluated. The AEGT revealed several antioxidant molecules, including phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid. In a cell-free assay, the extract exhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity that significantly reduced H(2)O(2)-induced plasmid DNA breaks in a dose-response manner (P < 0.001). The AEGT also suppressed H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative DNA damage in H1299 cells by reducing the percentage of damaged DNA in a dose-response manner (P < 0.001) as measured by a modified alkaline comet-nuclear extract (comet-NE) assay. The MTT assay results showed that AEGT confers significant protection against H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity and that AEGT itself is not cytotoxic (P < 0.001). Moreover, H(2)O(2)-induced cell cycle G2/M arrest was significantly released when cells were co-treated with different concentrations of AEGT (P < 0.001). Taken together, these findings suggest that edible red algae Gracilaria water extract can prevent H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative DNA damage and its related cellular responses.