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Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Our understanding of its pathobiology has substantially increased. Following TBI, the following occur, edema formation, brain swelling, increased intracranial pressure, changes in cerebral blood flow, hypoxi...

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Autores principales: Neri, Margherita, Frati, Alessandro, Turillazzi, Emanuela, Cantatore, Santina, Cipolloni, Luigi, Di Paolo, Marco, Frati, Paola, La Russa, Raffaele, Maiese, Aniello, Scopetti, Matteo, Santurro, Alessandro, Sessa, Francesco, Zamparese, Rosanna, Fineschi, Vittorio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274714/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30423808
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113544
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author Neri, Margherita
Frati, Alessandro
Turillazzi, Emanuela
Cantatore, Santina
Cipolloni, Luigi
Di Paolo, Marco
Frati, Paola
La Russa, Raffaele
Maiese, Aniello
Scopetti, Matteo
Santurro, Alessandro
Sessa, Francesco
Zamparese, Rosanna
Fineschi, Vittorio
author_facet Neri, Margherita
Frati, Alessandro
Turillazzi, Emanuela
Cantatore, Santina
Cipolloni, Luigi
Di Paolo, Marco
Frati, Paola
La Russa, Raffaele
Maiese, Aniello
Scopetti, Matteo
Santurro, Alessandro
Sessa, Francesco
Zamparese, Rosanna
Fineschi, Vittorio
author_sort Neri, Margherita
collection PubMed
description Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Our understanding of its pathobiology has substantially increased. Following TBI, the following occur, edema formation, brain swelling, increased intracranial pressure, changes in cerebral blood flow, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. Experimental animal models have been developed. However, the difficulty in mimicking human TBI explains why few neuroprotective strategies, drawn up on the basis of experimental studies, have translated into improved therapeutic strategies for TBI patients. In this study, we retrospectively examined brain samples in 145 cases of death after different survival times following TBI, to investigate aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression and correlation with hypoxia, and neuroinflammation in human TBI. Antibodies anti-glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), aquaporin-4 (AQP4), hypoxia induced factor-1α (HIF-1α), macrophage/phagocytic activation (CD68), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1), and neutrophils (CD15) were used. AQP4 showed a significant, progressive increase between the control group and groups 2 (one-day survival) and 3 (three-day survival). There were further increases in AQP4 immunopositivity in groups 4 (seven-day survival), 5 (14-dayssurvival), and 6 (30-day survival), suggesting an upregulation of AQP4 at 7 to 30 days compared to group 1. GFAP showed its highest expression in non-acute cases at the astrocytic level compared with the acute TBI group. Data emerging from the HIF-1α reaction showed a progressive, significant increase. Immunohistochemistry with IBA-1 revealed activated microglia starting three days after trauma and progressively increasing in the next 15 to 20 days after the initial trauma. CD68 expression demonstrated basal macrophage and phagocytic activation mostly around blood vessels. Starting from one to three days of survival after TBI, an increase in the number of CD68 cells was progressively observed; at 15 and 30 days of survival, CD68 showed the most abundant immunopositivity inside or around the areas of necrosis. These findings need to be developed further to gain insight into the mechanisms through which brain AQP4 is upregulated. This could be of the utmost clinicopathological importance.
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spelling pubmed-62747142018-12-15 Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury Neri, Margherita Frati, Alessandro Turillazzi, Emanuela Cantatore, Santina Cipolloni, Luigi Di Paolo, Marco Frati, Paola La Russa, Raffaele Maiese, Aniello Scopetti, Matteo Santurro, Alessandro Sessa, Francesco Zamparese, Rosanna Fineschi, Vittorio Int J Mol Sci Article Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Our understanding of its pathobiology has substantially increased. Following TBI, the following occur, edema formation, brain swelling, increased intracranial pressure, changes in cerebral blood flow, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. Experimental animal models have been developed. However, the difficulty in mimicking human TBI explains why few neuroprotective strategies, drawn up on the basis of experimental studies, have translated into improved therapeutic strategies for TBI patients. In this study, we retrospectively examined brain samples in 145 cases of death after different survival times following TBI, to investigate aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression and correlation with hypoxia, and neuroinflammation in human TBI. Antibodies anti-glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), aquaporin-4 (AQP4), hypoxia induced factor-1α (HIF-1α), macrophage/phagocytic activation (CD68), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1), and neutrophils (CD15) were used. AQP4 showed a significant, progressive increase between the control group and groups 2 (one-day survival) and 3 (three-day survival). There were further increases in AQP4 immunopositivity in groups 4 (seven-day survival), 5 (14-dayssurvival), and 6 (30-day survival), suggesting an upregulation of AQP4 at 7 to 30 days compared to group 1. GFAP showed its highest expression in non-acute cases at the astrocytic level compared with the acute TBI group. Data emerging from the HIF-1α reaction showed a progressive, significant increase. Immunohistochemistry with IBA-1 revealed activated microglia starting three days after trauma and progressively increasing in the next 15 to 20 days after the initial trauma. CD68 expression demonstrated basal macrophage and phagocytic activation mostly around blood vessels. Starting from one to three days of survival after TBI, an increase in the number of CD68 cells was progressively observed; at 15 and 30 days of survival, CD68 showed the most abundant immunopositivity inside or around the areas of necrosis. These findings need to be developed further to gain insight into the mechanisms through which brain AQP4 is upregulated. This could be of the utmost clinicopathological importance. MDPI 2018-11-10 /pmc/articles/PMC6274714/ /pubmed/30423808 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113544 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Neri, Margherita
Frati, Alessandro
Turillazzi, Emanuela
Cantatore, Santina
Cipolloni, Luigi
Di Paolo, Marco
Frati, Paola
La Russa, Raffaele
Maiese, Aniello
Scopetti, Matteo
Santurro, Alessandro
Sessa, Francesco
Zamparese, Rosanna
Fineschi, Vittorio
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury
title Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury
title_full Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury
title_fullStr Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury
title_full_unstemmed Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury
title_short Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Aquaporin-4 and its Correlation with CD68, IBA-1, HIF-1α, GFAP, and CD15 Expressions in Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury
title_sort immunohistochemical evaluation of aquaporin-4 and its correlation with cd68, iba-1, hif-1α, gfap, and cd15 expressions in fatal traumatic brain injury
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274714/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30423808
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113544
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