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Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics
Neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain a considerable health issue for almost half the people living with HIV, despite progress in HIV treatment through combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The pathogenesis and risk factors of HIV-associa...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274730/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30441796 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113594 |
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author | Olivier, Ian Simon Cacabelos, Ramón Naidoo, Vinogran |
author_facet | Olivier, Ian Simon Cacabelos, Ramón Naidoo, Vinogran |
author_sort | Olivier, Ian Simon |
collection | PubMed |
description | Neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain a considerable health issue for almost half the people living with HIV, despite progress in HIV treatment through combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The pathogenesis and risk factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are still incompletely understood. This is partly due to the complexity of HAND diagnostics, as phenotypes present with high variability and change over time. Our current understanding is that HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) during infection, persisting and replicating in resident immune and supporting cells, with the subsequent host immune response and inflammation likely adding to the development of HAND. Differences in host (human) genetics determine, in part, the effectiveness of the immune response and other factors that increase the vulnerability to HAND. This review describes findings from studies investigating the role of human host genetics in the pathogenesis of HAND, including potential risk factors for developing HAND. The similarities and differences between HAND and Alzheimer’s disease are also discussed. While some specific variations in host genes regulating immune responses and neurotransmission have been associated with protection or risk of HAND development, the effects are generally small and findings poorly replicated. Nevertheless, a few specific gene variants appear to affect the risk for developing HAND and aid our understanding of HAND pathogenesis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6274730 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62747302018-12-15 Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics Olivier, Ian Simon Cacabelos, Ramón Naidoo, Vinogran Int J Mol Sci Review Neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain a considerable health issue for almost half the people living with HIV, despite progress in HIV treatment through combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The pathogenesis and risk factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are still incompletely understood. This is partly due to the complexity of HAND diagnostics, as phenotypes present with high variability and change over time. Our current understanding is that HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) during infection, persisting and replicating in resident immune and supporting cells, with the subsequent host immune response and inflammation likely adding to the development of HAND. Differences in host (human) genetics determine, in part, the effectiveness of the immune response and other factors that increase the vulnerability to HAND. This review describes findings from studies investigating the role of human host genetics in the pathogenesis of HAND, including potential risk factors for developing HAND. The similarities and differences between HAND and Alzheimer’s disease are also discussed. While some specific variations in host genes regulating immune responses and neurotransmission have been associated with protection or risk of HAND development, the effects are generally small and findings poorly replicated. Nevertheless, a few specific gene variants appear to affect the risk for developing HAND and aid our understanding of HAND pathogenesis. MDPI 2018-11-14 /pmc/articles/PMC6274730/ /pubmed/30441796 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113594 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Olivier, Ian Simon Cacabelos, Ramón Naidoo, Vinogran Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics |
title | Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics |
title_full | Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics |
title_fullStr | Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics |
title_full_unstemmed | Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics |
title_short | Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics |
title_sort | risk factors and pathogenesis of hiv-associated neurocognitive disorder: the role of host genetics |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274730/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30441796 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113594 |
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