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A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans

Background: Cannabidiol is being pursued as a therapeutic treatment for multiple conditions, usually by oral delivery. Animal studies suggest oral bioavailability is low, but literature in humans is not sufficient. The aim of this review was to collate published data in this area. Methods: A systema...

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Autores principales: Millar, Sophie A., Stone, Nicole L., Yates, Andrew S., O'Sullivan, Saoirse E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6275223/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30534073
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01365
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author Millar, Sophie A.
Stone, Nicole L.
Yates, Andrew S.
O'Sullivan, Saoirse E.
author_facet Millar, Sophie A.
Stone, Nicole L.
Yates, Andrew S.
O'Sullivan, Saoirse E.
author_sort Millar, Sophie A.
collection PubMed
description Background: Cannabidiol is being pursued as a therapeutic treatment for multiple conditions, usually by oral delivery. Animal studies suggest oral bioavailability is low, but literature in humans is not sufficient. The aim of this review was to collate published data in this area. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE (including MEDLINE) was conducted to retrieve all articles reporting pharmacokinetic data of CBD in humans. Results: Of 792 articles retireved, 24 included pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. The half-life of cannabidiol was reported between 1.4 and 10.9 h after oromucosal spray, 2–5 days after chronic oral administration, 24 h after i.v., and 31 h after smoking. Bioavailability following smoking was 31% however no other studies attempted to report the absolute bioavailability of CBD following other routes in humans, despite i.v formulations being available. The area-under-the-curve and C(max) increase in dose-dependent manners and are reached quicker following smoking/inhalation compared to oral/oromucosal routes. C(max) is increased during fed states and in lipid formulations. T(max) is reached between 0 and 4 h. Conclusions: This review highlights the paucity in data and some discrepancy in the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol, despite its widespread use in humans. Analysis and understanding of properties such as bioavailability and half-life is critical to future therapeutic success, and robust data from a variety of formulations is required.
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spelling pubmed-62752232018-12-10 A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans Millar, Sophie A. Stone, Nicole L. Yates, Andrew S. O'Sullivan, Saoirse E. Front Pharmacol Pharmacology Background: Cannabidiol is being pursued as a therapeutic treatment for multiple conditions, usually by oral delivery. Animal studies suggest oral bioavailability is low, but literature in humans is not sufficient. The aim of this review was to collate published data in this area. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE (including MEDLINE) was conducted to retrieve all articles reporting pharmacokinetic data of CBD in humans. Results: Of 792 articles retireved, 24 included pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. The half-life of cannabidiol was reported between 1.4 and 10.9 h after oromucosal spray, 2–5 days after chronic oral administration, 24 h after i.v., and 31 h after smoking. Bioavailability following smoking was 31% however no other studies attempted to report the absolute bioavailability of CBD following other routes in humans, despite i.v formulations being available. The area-under-the-curve and C(max) increase in dose-dependent manners and are reached quicker following smoking/inhalation compared to oral/oromucosal routes. C(max) is increased during fed states and in lipid formulations. T(max) is reached between 0 and 4 h. Conclusions: This review highlights the paucity in data and some discrepancy in the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol, despite its widespread use in humans. Analysis and understanding of properties such as bioavailability and half-life is critical to future therapeutic success, and robust data from a variety of formulations is required. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-11-26 /pmc/articles/PMC6275223/ /pubmed/30534073 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01365 Text en Copyright © 2018 Millar, Stone, Yates and O'Sullivan. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Pharmacology
Millar, Sophie A.
Stone, Nicole L.
Yates, Andrew S.
O'Sullivan, Saoirse E.
A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
title A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
title_full A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
title_fullStr A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
title_full_unstemmed A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
title_short A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
title_sort systematic review on the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in humans
topic Pharmacology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6275223/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30534073
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01365
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