Automatic calculation of myocardial external efficiency using a single (11)C-acetate PET scan

BACKGROUND: Myocardial external efficiency (MEE) is defined as the ratio of kinetic energy associated with cardiac work [forward cardiac output (FCO)*mean systemic pressure] and the chemical energy from oxygen consumed (MVO(2)) by the left ventricular mass (LVM). We developed a fully automated method for estimating MEE based on a single (11)C-acetate PET scan without ECG-gating. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten healthy controls, 34 patients with aortic valve stenosis (AVS), and 20 patients with mitral valve regurgitation (MVR) were recruited in a dual-center study. MVO(2) was calculated using washout of (11)C -acetate activity. FCO and LVM were calculated automatically using dynamic PET and parametric image formation. FCO and LVM were also obtained using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in all subjects. The correlation between MEE(PET-CMR) and MEE(PET) was high (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) without significant bias. MEE(PET) was 23.6 ± 4.2% for controls and was lowered in AVS (17.2 ± 4.3%, P < 0.001) and in MVR (18.0 ± 5.2%, P = 0.004). MEE(PET) was strongly associated with both NYHA class (P < 0.001) and the magnitude of valvular dysfunction (mean aortic gradient: P < 0.001, regurgitant fraction: P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: A single (11)C-acetate PET yields accurate and automated MEE results on different scanners. MEE might provide an unbiased measurement of the phenotypic response to valvular disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12350-018-1338-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.