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A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are entering widespread use for the investigation and treatment of a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most current techniques are ‘open-loop’, without feedback from target brain region activity; this limitation could contribute...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6287008/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559641 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00877 |
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author | Mansouri, Farrokh Fettes, Peter Schulze, Laura Giacobbe, Peter Zariffa, Jose Downar, Jonathan |
author_facet | Mansouri, Farrokh Fettes, Peter Schulze, Laura Giacobbe, Peter Zariffa, Jose Downar, Jonathan |
author_sort | Mansouri, Farrokh |
collection | PubMed |
description | Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are entering widespread use for the investigation and treatment of a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most current techniques are ‘open-loop’, without feedback from target brain region activity; this limitation could contribute to heterogeneous effects seen for nominally ‘inhibitory’ and ‘excitatory’ protocols across individuals. More potent and consistent effects may ensue from closed-loop and, in particular, phase-locked brain stimulation. In this work, a closed-loop brain stimulation system is introduced that can analyze EEG data in real-time, provide a forecast of the phase of an underlying brain rhythm of interest, and control pulsed transcranial electromagnetic stimulation to deliver pulses at a specific phase of the target frequency band. The technique was implemented using readily available equipment such as a basic EEG system, a low-cost Arduino board and MATLAB scripts. The phase-locked brain stimulation method was tested in 5 healthy volunteers and its phase-locking performance evaluated at 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree phases in theta and alpha frequency bands. On average phase locking values of 0.55° ± 0.11° and 0.52° ± 0.14° and error angles of 11° ± 11° and 3.3° ± 18° were achieved for theta and alpha stimulation, respectively. Despite the low-cost hardware implementation, signal processing time generated a phase delay of only 3.8° for theta and 57° for alpha stimulation, both readily accommodated in the pulse trigger algorithm. This work lays the methodological steps for achieving phase-locked brain stimulation for brief-pulse transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), facilitating further research on the effect of stimulation phase for these techniques. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6287008 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62870082018-12-17 A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Mansouri, Farrokh Fettes, Peter Schulze, Laura Giacobbe, Peter Zariffa, Jose Downar, Jonathan Front Neurosci Neuroscience Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are entering widespread use for the investigation and treatment of a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most current techniques are ‘open-loop’, without feedback from target brain region activity; this limitation could contribute to heterogeneous effects seen for nominally ‘inhibitory’ and ‘excitatory’ protocols across individuals. More potent and consistent effects may ensue from closed-loop and, in particular, phase-locked brain stimulation. In this work, a closed-loop brain stimulation system is introduced that can analyze EEG data in real-time, provide a forecast of the phase of an underlying brain rhythm of interest, and control pulsed transcranial electromagnetic stimulation to deliver pulses at a specific phase of the target frequency band. The technique was implemented using readily available equipment such as a basic EEG system, a low-cost Arduino board and MATLAB scripts. The phase-locked brain stimulation method was tested in 5 healthy volunteers and its phase-locking performance evaluated at 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree phases in theta and alpha frequency bands. On average phase locking values of 0.55° ± 0.11° and 0.52° ± 0.14° and error angles of 11° ± 11° and 3.3° ± 18° were achieved for theta and alpha stimulation, respectively. Despite the low-cost hardware implementation, signal processing time generated a phase delay of only 3.8° for theta and 57° for alpha stimulation, both readily accommodated in the pulse trigger algorithm. This work lays the methodological steps for achieving phase-locked brain stimulation for brief-pulse transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), facilitating further research on the effect of stimulation phase for these techniques. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-12-03 /pmc/articles/PMC6287008/ /pubmed/30559641 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00877 Text en Copyright © 2018 Mansouri, Fettes, Schulze, Giacobbe, Zariffa and Downar. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Mansouri, Farrokh Fettes, Peter Schulze, Laura Giacobbe, Peter Zariffa, Jose Downar, Jonathan A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation |
title | A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation |
title_full | A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation |
title_fullStr | A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation |
title_full_unstemmed | A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation |
title_short | A Real-Time Phase-Locking System for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation |
title_sort | real-time phase-locking system for non-invasive brain stimulation |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6287008/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559641 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00877 |
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