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The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada
POLICY POINTS: Policymakers interested in advancing integrated models of care may benefit from understanding how integration itself is generated. Integration is analyzed as the generation of connectivity and consensus—the coming together of people, practices, and things. Integration was mediated by...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2018
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6287073/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30417941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12357 |
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author | EMBULDENIYA, GAYATHRI KIRST, MARITT WALKER, KEVIN WODCHIS, WALTER P. |
author_facet | EMBULDENIYA, GAYATHRI KIRST, MARITT WALKER, KEVIN WODCHIS, WALTER P. |
author_sort | EMBULDENIYA, GAYATHRI |
collection | PubMed |
description | POLICY POINTS: Policymakers interested in advancing integrated models of care may benefit from understanding how integration itself is generated. Integration is analyzed as the generation of connectivity and consensus—the coming together of people, practices, and things. Integration was mediated by chosen program structures and generated by establishing partnerships, building trust, developing thoughtful models, engaging clinicians in strategies, and sharing data across systems. This study provides examples of on‐the‐ground integration strategies in 6 programs, suggests contexts that better lend themselves to integration initiatives, and demonstrates how programs may be examined for the very thing they seek to implement—integration itself. CONTEXT: By bundling services and encouraging interprofessional and interorganizational collaboration, integrated health care models counter fragmented health care delivery and rising system costs. Building on a policy impetus toward integration, the Ministry of Health and Long‐Term Care in the Canadian province of Ontario chose 6 programs, each comprising multiple hospital and community partners, to implement bundled care, also referred to as integrated‐funding models. While research has been conducted on the facilitators and challenges of integration, there is less known about how integration is generated. This article explores the generation of integration through the dynamic interplay of contexts and mechanisms and of structures and subjects. METHODS: For this qualitative study, we conducted 48 interviews with program stakeholders, from organization leaders and managers to physicians and integrated care coordinators, across the hospital‐community spectrum. We then used content analysis to explore the extent to which themes were shared across programs and to identify idiosyncrasies, followed by a realist evaluation approach to understand how integration was produced in structural and everyday ways in local program contexts. FINDINGS: Integration was generated through the successful production of connectivity and consensus—the coming together of people, practice, and things, as perceived and experienced by stakeholders. When able, the programs harnessed existing cultures of clinician engagement, and leveraged established partnerships. However, integration could be achieved even without these histories, by building trust, developing thoughtful models, using clinicians’ existing engagement strategies, and implementing shared systems and technologies. The programs’ structures (from their scale to their chosen patient population) also contextualized and mediated integration. CONCLUSIONS: This article has both practical and theoretical implications. It provides transferable insights into the strategies by which integration is generated. It also contributes conceptually to realist approaches to evaluation by advancing an understanding of mechanisms as contextually and temporally contingent, with the capacity to produce new contexts, which in turn generate new sets of mechanisms. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6287073 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62870732019-12-01 The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada EMBULDENIYA, GAYATHRI KIRST, MARITT WALKER, KEVIN WODCHIS, WALTER P. Milbank Q Original Scholarship POLICY POINTS: Policymakers interested in advancing integrated models of care may benefit from understanding how integration itself is generated. Integration is analyzed as the generation of connectivity and consensus—the coming together of people, practices, and things. Integration was mediated by chosen program structures and generated by establishing partnerships, building trust, developing thoughtful models, engaging clinicians in strategies, and sharing data across systems. This study provides examples of on‐the‐ground integration strategies in 6 programs, suggests contexts that better lend themselves to integration initiatives, and demonstrates how programs may be examined for the very thing they seek to implement—integration itself. CONTEXT: By bundling services and encouraging interprofessional and interorganizational collaboration, integrated health care models counter fragmented health care delivery and rising system costs. Building on a policy impetus toward integration, the Ministry of Health and Long‐Term Care in the Canadian province of Ontario chose 6 programs, each comprising multiple hospital and community partners, to implement bundled care, also referred to as integrated‐funding models. While research has been conducted on the facilitators and challenges of integration, there is less known about how integration is generated. This article explores the generation of integration through the dynamic interplay of contexts and mechanisms and of structures and subjects. METHODS: For this qualitative study, we conducted 48 interviews with program stakeholders, from organization leaders and managers to physicians and integrated care coordinators, across the hospital‐community spectrum. We then used content analysis to explore the extent to which themes were shared across programs and to identify idiosyncrasies, followed by a realist evaluation approach to understand how integration was produced in structural and everyday ways in local program contexts. FINDINGS: Integration was generated through the successful production of connectivity and consensus—the coming together of people, practice, and things, as perceived and experienced by stakeholders. When able, the programs harnessed existing cultures of clinician engagement, and leveraged established partnerships. However, integration could be achieved even without these histories, by building trust, developing thoughtful models, using clinicians’ existing engagement strategies, and implementing shared systems and technologies. The programs’ structures (from their scale to their chosen patient population) also contextualized and mediated integration. CONCLUSIONS: This article has both practical and theoretical implications. It provides transferable insights into the strategies by which integration is generated. It also contributes conceptually to realist approaches to evaluation by advancing an understanding of mechanisms as contextually and temporally contingent, with the capacity to produce new contexts, which in turn generate new sets of mechanisms. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2018-11-12 2018-12 /pmc/articles/PMC6287073/ /pubmed/30417941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12357 Text en © 2018 The Authors The Milbank Quarterly published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. |
spellingShingle | Original Scholarship EMBULDENIYA, GAYATHRI KIRST, MARITT WALKER, KEVIN WODCHIS, WALTER P. The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada |
title | The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada |
title_full | The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada |
title_fullStr | The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada |
title_full_unstemmed | The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada |
title_short | The Generation of Integration: The Early Experience of Implementing Bundled Care in Ontario, Canada |
title_sort | generation of integration: the early experience of implementing bundled care in ontario, canada |
topic | Original Scholarship |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6287073/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30417941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12357 |
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