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An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus

In many caries-promoting Streptococcus species, glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are recognized as key enzymes contributing to the modification of biofilm structures, disruption of homeostasis of healthy microbiota community and induction of caries development. It is therefore of great interest to invest...

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Autores principales: Xu, Rong-Rong, Yang, Wei-Dong, Niu, Ke-Xin, Wang, Bin, Wang, Wen-Mei
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290343/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30568640
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02979
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author Xu, Rong-Rong
Yang, Wei-Dong
Niu, Ke-Xin
Wang, Bin
Wang, Wen-Mei
author_facet Xu, Rong-Rong
Yang, Wei-Dong
Niu, Ke-Xin
Wang, Bin
Wang, Wen-Mei
author_sort Xu, Rong-Rong
collection PubMed
description In many caries-promoting Streptococcus species, glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are recognized as key enzymes contributing to the modification of biofilm structures, disruption of homeostasis of healthy microbiota community and induction of caries development. It is therefore of great interest to investigate how Gtf genes have evolved in Streptococcus. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of Gtf genes among 872 streptococci genomes of 37 species and identified Gtf genes from 364 genomes of 18 species. To clarify the relationships of these Gtf genes, 45 representative sequences were used for phylogenic analysis, which revealed two clear clades. Clade I included 12 Gtf genes from nine caries-promoting species of the Mutans and Downei groups, which produce enzymes known to synthesize sticky, water-insoluble glucans (WIG) that are critical for modifying biofilm structures. Clade II primarily contained Gtf genes responsible for synthesizing water-soluble glucans (WSG) from all 18 species, and this clade further diverged into three subclades (IIA, IIB, and IIC). An analysis of 16 pairs of duplicated Gtf genes revealed high divergence levels at the C-terminal repeat regions, with ratios of the non-synonymous substitution rate (dN) to synonymous substitution rate (dS) ranging from 0.60 to 1.03, indicating an overall relaxed constraint in this region. However, among the clade I Gtf genes, some individual repeat units possessed strong functional constraints by the same criterion. Structural variations in the repeat regions were also observed, with detection of deletions or recent duplications of individual repeat units. Overall, by establishing an updated phylogeny and further elucidating their evolutionary patterns, this work enabled us to gain a greater understanding of the origination and divergence of Gtf genes in Streptococcus.
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spelling pubmed-62903432018-12-19 An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus Xu, Rong-Rong Yang, Wei-Dong Niu, Ke-Xin Wang, Bin Wang, Wen-Mei Front Microbiol Microbiology In many caries-promoting Streptococcus species, glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are recognized as key enzymes contributing to the modification of biofilm structures, disruption of homeostasis of healthy microbiota community and induction of caries development. It is therefore of great interest to investigate how Gtf genes have evolved in Streptococcus. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of Gtf genes among 872 streptococci genomes of 37 species and identified Gtf genes from 364 genomes of 18 species. To clarify the relationships of these Gtf genes, 45 representative sequences were used for phylogenic analysis, which revealed two clear clades. Clade I included 12 Gtf genes from nine caries-promoting species of the Mutans and Downei groups, which produce enzymes known to synthesize sticky, water-insoluble glucans (WIG) that are critical for modifying biofilm structures. Clade II primarily contained Gtf genes responsible for synthesizing water-soluble glucans (WSG) from all 18 species, and this clade further diverged into three subclades (IIA, IIB, and IIC). An analysis of 16 pairs of duplicated Gtf genes revealed high divergence levels at the C-terminal repeat regions, with ratios of the non-synonymous substitution rate (dN) to synonymous substitution rate (dS) ranging from 0.60 to 1.03, indicating an overall relaxed constraint in this region. However, among the clade I Gtf genes, some individual repeat units possessed strong functional constraints by the same criterion. Structural variations in the repeat regions were also observed, with detection of deletions or recent duplications of individual repeat units. Overall, by establishing an updated phylogeny and further elucidating their evolutionary patterns, this work enabled us to gain a greater understanding of the origination and divergence of Gtf genes in Streptococcus. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-12-04 /pmc/articles/PMC6290343/ /pubmed/30568640 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02979 Text en Copyright © 2018 Xu, Yang, Niu, Wang and Wang. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Xu, Rong-Rong
Yang, Wei-Dong
Niu, Ke-Xin
Wang, Bin
Wang, Wen-Mei
An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus
title An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus
title_full An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus
title_fullStr An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus
title_full_unstemmed An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus
title_short An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus
title_sort update on the evolution of glucosyltransferase (gtf) genes in streptococcus
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290343/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30568640
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02979
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