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Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders)
BACKGROUND: Only a few studies have examined the visual systems of Amblypygi (whip spiders) until now. To get new insights suitable for phylogenetic analysis we studied the axonal trajectories and neuropil architecture of the visual systems of several whip spider species (Heterophrynus elaphus, Damo...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6299927/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574172 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0293-6 |
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author | Lehmann, Tobias Melzer, Roland R. |
author_facet | Lehmann, Tobias Melzer, Roland R. |
author_sort | Lehmann, Tobias |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Only a few studies have examined the visual systems of Amblypygi (whip spiders) until now. To get new insights suitable for phylogenetic analysis we studied the axonal trajectories and neuropil architecture of the visual systems of several whip spider species (Heterophrynus elaphus, Damon medius, Phrynus pseudoparvulus, and P. marginemaculatus) with different neuroanatomical techniques. The R-cell axon terminals were identified with Cobalt fills. To describe the morphology of the visual neuropils and of the protocerebrum generally we used Wigglesworth stains and μCT. RESULTS: The visual system of whip spiders comprises one pair of median and three pairs of lateral eyes. The R-cells of both eye types terminate each in a first and a second visual neuropil. Furthermore, a few R-cell fibres from the median eyes leave the second median eye visual neuropil and terminate in the second lateral eye neuropil. This means R-cell terminals from the lateral eyes and the median eyes overlap. Additionally, the arcuate body and the mushroom bodies are described. CONCLUSIONS: A detailed comparison of our findings with previously studied chelicerate visual systems (i.e., Xiphosura, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, and Araneae) seem to support the idea of close evolutionary relationships between Xiphosura, Scorpiones, and Amblypygi. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6299927 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62999272018-12-20 Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders) Lehmann, Tobias Melzer, Roland R. Front Zool Research BACKGROUND: Only a few studies have examined the visual systems of Amblypygi (whip spiders) until now. To get new insights suitable for phylogenetic analysis we studied the axonal trajectories and neuropil architecture of the visual systems of several whip spider species (Heterophrynus elaphus, Damon medius, Phrynus pseudoparvulus, and P. marginemaculatus) with different neuroanatomical techniques. The R-cell axon terminals were identified with Cobalt fills. To describe the morphology of the visual neuropils and of the protocerebrum generally we used Wigglesworth stains and μCT. RESULTS: The visual system of whip spiders comprises one pair of median and three pairs of lateral eyes. The R-cells of both eye types terminate each in a first and a second visual neuropil. Furthermore, a few R-cell fibres from the median eyes leave the second median eye visual neuropil and terminate in the second lateral eye neuropil. This means R-cell terminals from the lateral eyes and the median eyes overlap. Additionally, the arcuate body and the mushroom bodies are described. CONCLUSIONS: A detailed comparison of our findings with previously studied chelicerate visual systems (i.e., Xiphosura, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, and Araneae) seem to support the idea of close evolutionary relationships between Xiphosura, Scorpiones, and Amblypygi. BioMed Central 2018-12-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6299927/ /pubmed/30574172 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0293-6 Text en © The Author(s). 2018 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Lehmann, Tobias Melzer, Roland R. Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders) |
title | Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders) |
title_full | Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders) |
title_fullStr | Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders) |
title_full_unstemmed | Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders) |
title_short | Also looking like Limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of Amblypygi (whip spiders) |
title_sort | also looking like limulus? – retinula axons and visual neuropils of amblypygi (whip spiders) |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6299927/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574172 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0293-6 |
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