Enhanced Lithium Transport by Control of Crystal Orientation in Spinel LiMn(2)O(4) Thin Film Cathodes

[Image: see text] A promising cathode material for rechargeable batteries is LiMn(2)O(4), which exhibits higher operating voltage, reduced toxicity and lower costs as compared to commonly used LiCoO(2) cathodes. However, LiMn(2)O(4) suffers from limited cycle life, as excessive capacity fading occurs during battery cycling due to dissolution of Mn into the acidic electrolyte. Here, we show that by structural engineering of stable, epitaxial LiMn(2)O(4) thin films the electrochemical properties can be enhanced as compared to polycrystalline samples. Control of the specific crystal orientation of the LiMn(2)O(4) thin films resulted in dramatic differences in surface morphology with pyramidal, rooftop or flat features for respectively (100), (110), and (111) orientations. All three types of LiMn(2)O(4) films expose predominantly ⟨111⟩ crystal facets, which is the lowest energy state surface for this spinel structure. The (100)-oriented LiMn(2)O(4) films exhibited the highest capacities and (dis)charging rates up to 33C, and good cyclability over a thousand cycles, demonstrating enhanced cycle life without excessive capacity fading as compared to previous polycrystalline studies.