Dual isotopic evidence for nitrate sources and active biological transformation in the Northern South China Sea in summer

Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) concentrations and their dual isotopic compositions (δ(15)N-NO(3)(-) and δ(18)O-NO(3)(-)) were measured to constrain N sources and their cyclic processes in summer using samples from the water column of the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Our data revealed that higher NO(3)(-) concentrations and δ(15)N-NO(3)(-) values were observed in the upper waters of the coastal areas near the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). The Bayesian stable isotope mixing model was used to calculated the proportion of nitrate sources, the results indicated that the nitrate in the upper waters of the coastal areas near PRE were mainly influenced by manure and sewage (63%), atmospheric deposition (19%), soil organic nitrogen (12%) and reduced N fertilizer (6%). For the upper waters of the outer areas, low NO(3)(-) concentrations and δ(15)N-NO(3)(-) values, but high δ(18)O-NO(3)(-) values, reflected that NO(3)(-) was mainly influenced by Kuroshio water intrusion (60%), atmospheric deposition (32%) and nitrogen fixation/nitrification (8%). Complex processes were found in bottom waters. Nitrification and phytoplankton assimilation may be responsible for the higher nitrate concentrations and δ(15)N-NO(3)(-) values. Our study, therefore, utilizes the nitrate dual isotope to help illustrate the spatial variations in nitrate sources and complex nitrogen cycles in the NSCS.