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Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya

Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate foods and feeds, causing adverse health effects in humans and animals. This study determined the occurrence of aflatoxins in fish feeds and their potential effects on fish. Eighty-one fish feeds were sampled from 70 farms and 8 feed manufacturing pl...

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Autores principales: Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru, Mbuthia, Paul Gichohi, Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl, Gathumbi, James K., Maina, Joyce G., Mutoloki, Stephen, Waruiru, Robert Maina, Mulei, Isaac Rumpel, Lyche, Jan Ludvig
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315670/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562952
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120543
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author Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru
Mbuthia, Paul Gichohi
Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl
Gathumbi, James K.
Maina, Joyce G.
Mutoloki, Stephen
Waruiru, Robert Maina
Mulei, Isaac Rumpel
Lyche, Jan Ludvig
author_facet Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru
Mbuthia, Paul Gichohi
Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl
Gathumbi, James K.
Maina, Joyce G.
Mutoloki, Stephen
Waruiru, Robert Maina
Mulei, Isaac Rumpel
Lyche, Jan Ludvig
author_sort Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru
collection PubMed
description Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate foods and feeds, causing adverse health effects in humans and animals. This study determined the occurrence of aflatoxins in fish feeds and their potential effects on fish. Eighty-one fish feeds were sampled from 70 farms and 8 feed manufacturing plants in Nyeri, Kenya for aflatoxin analysis using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fish were sampled from 12 farms for gross and microscopic pathological examination. Eighty-four percent of feeds sampled tested positive for aflatoxins, ranging from 1.8 to 39.7 µg/kg with a mean of 7.0 ± 8.3 µg/kg and the median of 3.6 µg/kg. Fifteen feeds (18.5%) had aflatoxins above the maximum allowable level in Kenya of 10 µg/kg. Homemade and tilapia feeds had significantly higher aflatoxin levels than commercial and trout feeds. Feeds containing maize bran and fish meal had significantly higher aflatoxin levels than those without these ingredients. Five trout farms (41.7%) had fish with swollen abdomens, and enlarged livers with white or yellow nodules, which microscopically had large dark basophilic hepatic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei in irregular cords. In conclusion, aflatoxin contamination of fish feeds is prevalent in Nyeri, and may be the cause of adverse health effects in fish in this region.
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spelling pubmed-63156702019-01-11 Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru Mbuthia, Paul Gichohi Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl Gathumbi, James K. Maina, Joyce G. Mutoloki, Stephen Waruiru, Robert Maina Mulei, Isaac Rumpel Lyche, Jan Ludvig Toxins (Basel) Article Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate foods and feeds, causing adverse health effects in humans and animals. This study determined the occurrence of aflatoxins in fish feeds and their potential effects on fish. Eighty-one fish feeds were sampled from 70 farms and 8 feed manufacturing plants in Nyeri, Kenya for aflatoxin analysis using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fish were sampled from 12 farms for gross and microscopic pathological examination. Eighty-four percent of feeds sampled tested positive for aflatoxins, ranging from 1.8 to 39.7 µg/kg with a mean of 7.0 ± 8.3 µg/kg and the median of 3.6 µg/kg. Fifteen feeds (18.5%) had aflatoxins above the maximum allowable level in Kenya of 10 µg/kg. Homemade and tilapia feeds had significantly higher aflatoxin levels than commercial and trout feeds. Feeds containing maize bran and fish meal had significantly higher aflatoxin levels than those without these ingredients. Five trout farms (41.7%) had fish with swollen abdomens, and enlarged livers with white or yellow nodules, which microscopically had large dark basophilic hepatic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei in irregular cords. In conclusion, aflatoxin contamination of fish feeds is prevalent in Nyeri, and may be the cause of adverse health effects in fish in this region. MDPI 2018-12-17 /pmc/articles/PMC6315670/ /pubmed/30562952 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120543 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru
Mbuthia, Paul Gichohi
Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl
Gathumbi, James K.
Maina, Joyce G.
Mutoloki, Stephen
Waruiru, Robert Maina
Mulei, Isaac Rumpel
Lyche, Jan Ludvig
Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya
title Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya
title_full Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya
title_fullStr Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya
title_full_unstemmed Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya
title_short Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya
title_sort occurrence and levels of aflatoxins in fish feeds and their potential effects on fish in nyeri, kenya
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315670/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562952
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120543
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