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Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia

BACKGROUND: Climate oscillation may have a profound effect on species distributions, gene flow patterns and population demography. In response to environmental change, those species restricted to montane habitats experienced expansions and contractions along elevation gradients, which can drive diff...

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Autores principales: Pan, Tao, Wang, Hui, Orozcoterwengel, Pablo, Hu, Chao-Chao, Wu, Gui-You, Qian, Li-Fu, Sun, Zhong-Lou, Shi, Wen-Bo, Yan, Peng, Wu, Xiao-Bing, Zhang, Bao-Wei
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6318985/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30606099
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1333-8
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author Pan, Tao
Wang, Hui
Orozcoterwengel, Pablo
Hu, Chao-Chao
Wu, Gui-You
Qian, Li-Fu
Sun, Zhong-Lou
Shi, Wen-Bo
Yan, Peng
Wu, Xiao-Bing
Zhang, Bao-Wei
author_facet Pan, Tao
Wang, Hui
Orozcoterwengel, Pablo
Hu, Chao-Chao
Wu, Gui-You
Qian, Li-Fu
Sun, Zhong-Lou
Shi, Wen-Bo
Yan, Peng
Wu, Xiao-Bing
Zhang, Bao-Wei
author_sort Pan, Tao
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Climate oscillation may have a profound effect on species distributions, gene flow patterns and population demography. In response to environmental change, those species restricted to montane habitats experienced expansions and contractions along elevation gradients, which can drive differentiation among sky islands. RESULTS: The Shangcheng stout salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) is a cool stream amphibian restricted to high-elevation areas in the Dabie Mountains, East China. In the present study, we used mtDNA genes (Cyt b and ND2) of 193 individuals and 12 nuclear microsatellite loci genotyped on 370 individuals, representing 6 populations (JTX, KHJ, MW, TTZ, BYM and KJY) across the taxon’s distribution area, to investigate their genetic variation and evolutionary history of P. shangchengensis. Most populations showed unusually high levels of genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses revealed five monophyletic clades with divergence times ranging from 3.96 to 1.4 Mya. Accordingly, significant genetic differentiation was present between these populations. Bayesian skyline plot analyses provided that all populations underwent long-term population expansions since the last inter-glacial (0.13 Mya ~ 0.12 Mya). Msvar analyses found recent signals of population decline for two northern populations (JTX and KHJ) reflecting a strong bottleneck (approximately 15-fold decrease) during the mid-Holocene (about 6000 years ago). Ecological niche modelling has shown a discontinuity in suitable habitats for P. shangchengensis under different historical climatic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the niche conservatism of P. shangchengensis and sky island effects may have led to long-term isolation between populations. In sky island refuges, the mid-latitude Dabie Mountains have provided a long-term stable environment for P. shangchengensis, which has led to the accumulation of genetic diversity and has promoted genetic divergence. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1333-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-63189852019-01-08 Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia Pan, Tao Wang, Hui Orozcoterwengel, Pablo Hu, Chao-Chao Wu, Gui-You Qian, Li-Fu Sun, Zhong-Lou Shi, Wen-Bo Yan, Peng Wu, Xiao-Bing Zhang, Bao-Wei BMC Evol Biol Research Article BACKGROUND: Climate oscillation may have a profound effect on species distributions, gene flow patterns and population demography. In response to environmental change, those species restricted to montane habitats experienced expansions and contractions along elevation gradients, which can drive differentiation among sky islands. RESULTS: The Shangcheng stout salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) is a cool stream amphibian restricted to high-elevation areas in the Dabie Mountains, East China. In the present study, we used mtDNA genes (Cyt b and ND2) of 193 individuals and 12 nuclear microsatellite loci genotyped on 370 individuals, representing 6 populations (JTX, KHJ, MW, TTZ, BYM and KJY) across the taxon’s distribution area, to investigate their genetic variation and evolutionary history of P. shangchengensis. Most populations showed unusually high levels of genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses revealed five monophyletic clades with divergence times ranging from 3.96 to 1.4 Mya. Accordingly, significant genetic differentiation was present between these populations. Bayesian skyline plot analyses provided that all populations underwent long-term population expansions since the last inter-glacial (0.13 Mya ~ 0.12 Mya). Msvar analyses found recent signals of population decline for two northern populations (JTX and KHJ) reflecting a strong bottleneck (approximately 15-fold decrease) during the mid-Holocene (about 6000 years ago). Ecological niche modelling has shown a discontinuity in suitable habitats for P. shangchengensis under different historical climatic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the niche conservatism of P. shangchengensis and sky island effects may have led to long-term isolation between populations. In sky island refuges, the mid-latitude Dabie Mountains have provided a long-term stable environment for P. shangchengensis, which has led to the accumulation of genetic diversity and has promoted genetic divergence. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1333-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2019-01-03 /pmc/articles/PMC6318985/ /pubmed/30606099 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1333-8 Text en © The Author(s). 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research Article
Pan, Tao
Wang, Hui
Orozcoterwengel, Pablo
Hu, Chao-Chao
Wu, Gui-You
Qian, Li-Fu
Sun, Zhong-Lou
Shi, Wen-Bo
Yan, Peng
Wu, Xiao-Bing
Zhang, Bao-Wei
Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia
title Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia
title_full Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia
title_fullStr Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia
title_full_unstemmed Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia
title_short Long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of East Asia
title_sort long-term sky islands generate highly divergent lineages of a narrowly distributed stream salamander (pachyhynobius shangchengensis) in mid-latitude mountains of east asia
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6318985/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30606099
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1333-8
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