Hazardous Doping for Photo-Electrochemical Conversion: The Case of Nb-Doped Fe(2)O(3) from First Principles

The challenge of improving the efficiency of photo-electrochemical devices is often addressed through doping. However, this strategy could harm performance. Specifically, as demonstrated in a recent experiment, doping one of the most widely used materials for water splitting, iron(III) oxide (Fe(2)O(3)), with niobium (Nb) can still result in limited efficiency. In order to better understand the hazardous effect of doping, we use Density Functional Theory (DFT)+U for the case of Nb-doped Fe(2)O(3). We find a direct correlation between the charge of the dopant, the charge on the surface of the Fe(2)O(3) material, and the overpotential required for water oxidation reaction. We believe that this work contributes to advancing our understanding of how to select effective dopants for materials.