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Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression

Calcification is a prevalent disease in most fully developed countries and is predominantly observed in heart valves and nearby vasculature. Calcification of either tissue leads to deterioration and, ultimately, failure causing poor quality of life and decreased overall life expectancy in patients....

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Autores principales: Gomel, Madeleine A., Lee, Romi, Grande-Allen, K. Jane
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6335252/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30687719
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00197
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author Gomel, Madeleine A.
Lee, Romi
Grande-Allen, K. Jane
author_facet Gomel, Madeleine A.
Lee, Romi
Grande-Allen, K. Jane
author_sort Gomel, Madeleine A.
collection PubMed
description Calcification is a prevalent disease in most fully developed countries and is predominantly observed in heart valves and nearby vasculature. Calcification of either tissue leads to deterioration and, ultimately, failure causing poor quality of life and decreased overall life expectancy in patients. In valves, calcification presents as Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD), in which the aortic valve becomes stenotic when calcific nodules form within the leaflets. The initiation and progression of these calcific nodules is strongly influenced by the varied mechanical forces on the valve. In turn, the addition of calcific nodules creates localized disturbances in the tissue biomechanics, which affects extracellular matrix (ECM) production and cellular activation. In vasculature, atherosclerosis is the most common occurrence of calcification. Atherosclerosis exhibits as calcific plaque formation that forms in juxtaposition to areas of low blood shear stresses. Research in these two manifestations of calcification remain separated, although many similarities persist. Both diseases show that the endothelial layer and its regulation of nitric oxide is crucial to calcification progression. Further, there are similarities between vascular smooth muscle cells and valvular interstitial cells in terms of their roles in ECM overproduction. This review summarizes valvular and vascular tissue in terms of their basic anatomy, their cellular and ECM components and mechanical forces. Calcification is then examined in both tissues in terms of disease prediction, progression, and treatment. Highlighting the similarities and differences between these areas will help target further research toward disease treatment.
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spelling pubmed-63352522019-01-25 Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression Gomel, Madeleine A. Lee, Romi Grande-Allen, K. Jane Front Cardiovasc Med Cardiovascular Medicine Calcification is a prevalent disease in most fully developed countries and is predominantly observed in heart valves and nearby vasculature. Calcification of either tissue leads to deterioration and, ultimately, failure causing poor quality of life and decreased overall life expectancy in patients. In valves, calcification presents as Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD), in which the aortic valve becomes stenotic when calcific nodules form within the leaflets. The initiation and progression of these calcific nodules is strongly influenced by the varied mechanical forces on the valve. In turn, the addition of calcific nodules creates localized disturbances in the tissue biomechanics, which affects extracellular matrix (ECM) production and cellular activation. In vasculature, atherosclerosis is the most common occurrence of calcification. Atherosclerosis exhibits as calcific plaque formation that forms in juxtaposition to areas of low blood shear stresses. Research in these two manifestations of calcification remain separated, although many similarities persist. Both diseases show that the endothelial layer and its regulation of nitric oxide is crucial to calcification progression. Further, there are similarities between vascular smooth muscle cells and valvular interstitial cells in terms of their roles in ECM overproduction. This review summarizes valvular and vascular tissue in terms of their basic anatomy, their cellular and ECM components and mechanical forces. Calcification is then examined in both tissues in terms of disease prediction, progression, and treatment. Highlighting the similarities and differences between these areas will help target further research toward disease treatment. Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-01-10 /pmc/articles/PMC6335252/ /pubmed/30687719 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00197 Text en Copyright © 2019 Gomel, Lee and Grande-Allen. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cardiovascular Medicine
Gomel, Madeleine A.
Lee, Romi
Grande-Allen, K. Jane
Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression
title Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression
title_full Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression
title_fullStr Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression
title_full_unstemmed Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression
title_short Comparing the Role of Mechanical Forces in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Progression
title_sort comparing the role of mechanical forces in vascular and valvular calcification progression
topic Cardiovascular Medicine
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6335252/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30687719
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00197
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