Solid-Gas Phase Photo-Catalytic Behaviour of Rutile and TiO(n) (1 < n < 2) Sub-Oxide Phases for Self-Cleaning Applications

The solid-gas phase photo-catalytic activities of rutile TiO(2) and TiO(n) (1 < n < 2) sub-oxide phases have been evaluated. Varying concentrations of Ti(3+) defects were introduced into the rutile polymorph of titanium dioxide through carbo-thermal reduction at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 1300 °C. The resulting sub-oxides formed were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The presence of Ti(3+) in rutile exposed to high reduction temperatures was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. In addition, a Ti(3+)-Ti(4+) system was demonstrated to enhance the photo-catalytic properties of rutile for the degradation of the air pollutants NO(2) and CO(2) under UV irradiation of wavelengths (λ) 376–387 nm and 381–392 nm. The optimum reduction temperature for photo-catalytic activity was within the range 350–400 °C and attributed to improved charge-separation. The materials that were subject to carbo-thermal reduction at temperatures of 350 °C and 400 °C exhibited electrical conductivities over one hundred times higher compared to the non-reduced rutile. The results highlight that sub-oxide phases form an important alternative approach to doping with other elements to improve the photo-catalytic performance of TiO(2). Such materials are important for applications such as self-cleaning where particles can be incorporated into surface coatings.