Cargando…

Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories

BACKGROUND: The US mainland is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdoses. Unfortunately, the US Territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) have often been overlooked in opioid pharmacoepidemiology research. This study examined common prescription opioids over the last decade. METHODS...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Cabrera, Fedor F., Gamarra, Erik R., Garcia, Tiffany E., Littlejohn, Ashanti D., Chinga, Poul A., Pinentel-Morillo, Luis D., Tirado, Jorge R., Chung, Daniel Y., Pande, Leana J., McCall, Kenneth L., Nichols, Stephanie D., Piper, Brian J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: PeerJ Inc. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6338096/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30671308
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6272
_version_ 1783388398559428608
author Cabrera, Fedor F.
Gamarra, Erik R.
Garcia, Tiffany E.
Littlejohn, Ashanti D.
Chinga, Poul A.
Pinentel-Morillo, Luis D.
Tirado, Jorge R.
Chung, Daniel Y.
Pande, Leana J.
McCall, Kenneth L.
Nichols, Stephanie D.
Piper, Brian J.
author_facet Cabrera, Fedor F.
Gamarra, Erik R.
Garcia, Tiffany E.
Littlejohn, Ashanti D.
Chinga, Poul A.
Pinentel-Morillo, Luis D.
Tirado, Jorge R.
Chung, Daniel Y.
Pande, Leana J.
McCall, Kenneth L.
Nichols, Stephanie D.
Piper, Brian J.
author_sort Cabrera, Fedor F.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The US mainland is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdoses. Unfortunately, the US Territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) have often been overlooked in opioid pharmacoepidemiology research. This study examined common prescription opioids over the last decade. METHODS: The United States Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) was used to report on ten medical opioids: buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and oxymorphone, by weight from 2006 to 2017. Florida and Hawaii were selected as comparison areas. RESULTS: Puerto Rico had the greatest Territorial oral morphine mg equivalent (MME) per capita (421.5) which was significantly higher (p < .005) than the Virgin Islands (139.2) and Guam (118.9) but significantly lower than that of Hawaii (794.6) or Florida (1,509.8). Methadone was the largest opioid by MMEs in 2017 in most municipalities, accounting for 41.1% of the total in the Virgin Islands, 37.9% in Florida, 36.6% in Hawaii but 80.8% in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico and Florida showed pronounced differences in the distribution patterns by pharmacies, hospitals, and narcotic treatment programs for opioids. CONCLUSIONS: Continued monitoring of the US Territories is needed to provide a balance between appropriate access to these important agents for cancer related and acute pain while also minimizing diversion and avoiding the opioid epidemic which has adversely impacted the US mainland.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-6338096
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2019
publisher PeerJ Inc.
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-63380962019-01-22 Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories Cabrera, Fedor F. Gamarra, Erik R. Garcia, Tiffany E. Littlejohn, Ashanti D. Chinga, Poul A. Pinentel-Morillo, Luis D. Tirado, Jorge R. Chung, Daniel Y. Pande, Leana J. McCall, Kenneth L. Nichols, Stephanie D. Piper, Brian J. PeerJ Drugs and Devices BACKGROUND: The US mainland is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdoses. Unfortunately, the US Territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) have often been overlooked in opioid pharmacoepidemiology research. This study examined common prescription opioids over the last decade. METHODS: The United States Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) was used to report on ten medical opioids: buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and oxymorphone, by weight from 2006 to 2017. Florida and Hawaii were selected as comparison areas. RESULTS: Puerto Rico had the greatest Territorial oral morphine mg equivalent (MME) per capita (421.5) which was significantly higher (p < .005) than the Virgin Islands (139.2) and Guam (118.9) but significantly lower than that of Hawaii (794.6) or Florida (1,509.8). Methadone was the largest opioid by MMEs in 2017 in most municipalities, accounting for 41.1% of the total in the Virgin Islands, 37.9% in Florida, 36.6% in Hawaii but 80.8% in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico and Florida showed pronounced differences in the distribution patterns by pharmacies, hospitals, and narcotic treatment programs for opioids. CONCLUSIONS: Continued monitoring of the US Territories is needed to provide a balance between appropriate access to these important agents for cancer related and acute pain while also minimizing diversion and avoiding the opioid epidemic which has adversely impacted the US mainland. PeerJ Inc. 2019-01-15 /pmc/articles/PMC6338096/ /pubmed/30671308 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6272 Text en ©2019 Cabrera et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
spellingShingle Drugs and Devices
Cabrera, Fedor F.
Gamarra, Erik R.
Garcia, Tiffany E.
Littlejohn, Ashanti D.
Chinga, Poul A.
Pinentel-Morillo, Luis D.
Tirado, Jorge R.
Chung, Daniel Y.
Pande, Leana J.
McCall, Kenneth L.
Nichols, Stephanie D.
Piper, Brian J.
Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories
title Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories
title_full Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories
title_fullStr Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories
title_full_unstemmed Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories
title_short Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories
title_sort opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the us territories
topic Drugs and Devices
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6338096/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30671308
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6272
work_keys_str_mv AT cabrerafedorf opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT gamarraerikr opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT garciatiffanye opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT littlejohnashantid opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT chingapoula opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT pinentelmorilloluisd opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT tiradojorger opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT chungdaniely opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT pandeleanaj opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT mccallkennethl opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT nicholsstephanied opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories
AT piperbrianj opioiddistributiontrends20062017intheusterritories