Water-Dispersible Copper Sulfide Nanocrystals via Ligand Exchange of 1-Dodecanethiol

[Image: see text] In colloidal Cu(2–x)S nanocrystal synthesis, thiols are often used as organic ligands and the sulfur source, as they yield high-quality nanocrystals. However, thiol ligands on Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals are difficult to exchange, limiting the applications of these nanocrystals in photovoltaics, biomedical sensing, and photocatalysis. Here, we present an effective and facile procedure to exchange native 1-dodecanethiol on Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals by 3-mercaptopropionate, 11-mercaptoundecanoate, and S(2–) in formamide under inert atmosphere. The product hydrophilic Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals have excellent colloidal stability in formamide. Furthermore, the size, shape, and optical properties of the nanocrystals are not significantly affected by the ligand exchange. Water-dispersible Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals are easily obtained by precipitation of the nanocrystals capped by S(2–), 3-mercaptopropionate, or 11-mercaptoundecanoate from formamide, followed by redispersion in water. Interestingly, the ligand exchange rates for Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals capped with 1-dodecanethiol are observed to depend on the preparation method, being much slower for Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals prepared through heating-up than through hot-injection synthesis protocols. XPS studies reveal that the differences in the ligand exchange rates are due to the surface chemistry of the Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals, where the nanocrystals prepared via hot-injection synthesis have a less dense ligand layer due to the presence of trioctylphosphine oxide during synthesis. A model is proposed that explains the observed differences in the ligand exchange rates. The facile ligand exchange procedures reported here enable the use of high-quality colloidal Cu(2–x)S nanocrystals prepared in the presence of 1-dodecanethiol in various applications.