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Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors
BACKGROUND: Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) have been proposed as biomarkers for research on the mucosal immune system and on stress. Expression of both sAA and sIgA has been described to follow opposing diurnal patterns. This knowledge is crucial for the interpreta...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348797/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30733960 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3687416 |
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author | Lim, P. W. Nambiar, S. Muhardi, L. Abdul Kader, U. H. Garssen, J. Sandalova, E. |
author_facet | Lim, P. W. Nambiar, S. Muhardi, L. Abdul Kader, U. H. Garssen, J. Sandalova, E. |
author_sort | Lim, P. W. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) have been proposed as biomarkers for research on the mucosal immune system and on stress. Expression of both sAA and sIgA has been described to follow opposing diurnal patterns. This knowledge is crucial for the interpretation of studies using these biomarkers. AIM: It was hypothesized that sAA and sIgA display diurnal patterns in children and that this is independent of food intake or demographic factors. METHODS: Whole saliva was collected from 78 healthy children (15-39 months old) in the morning and evening for two random nonconsecutive days. The samples have been analysed for sAA and sIgA. The total daily energy, fat, saturated fat, protein, carbohydrate and fibre, mineral, and vitamin consumption were analysed based on the two-day weighed food records collected by the parents. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that most young children followed the diurnal pattern when sAA increased and sIgA decreased from morning to evening. No correlation was observed between the intake of any of the nutrients and morning or evening values for both salivary proteins. The morning and evening values of sAA and sIgA did not correlate with age, sex, Asian ethnicity, and BMI of the children. CONCLUSION: Diurnal patterns of sAA and sIgA exist in healthy young children and are not affected by their nutrient intake, sex, Asian ethnicity, and BMI. Scientists including sIgA and sAA in their research must consider the diurnal pattern that these markers exhibit and design the study accordingly. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6348797 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-63487972019-02-07 Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors Lim, P. W. Nambiar, S. Muhardi, L. Abdul Kader, U. H. Garssen, J. Sandalova, E. Biomed Res Int Research Article BACKGROUND: Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) have been proposed as biomarkers for research on the mucosal immune system and on stress. Expression of both sAA and sIgA has been described to follow opposing diurnal patterns. This knowledge is crucial for the interpretation of studies using these biomarkers. AIM: It was hypothesized that sAA and sIgA display diurnal patterns in children and that this is independent of food intake or demographic factors. METHODS: Whole saliva was collected from 78 healthy children (15-39 months old) in the morning and evening for two random nonconsecutive days. The samples have been analysed for sAA and sIgA. The total daily energy, fat, saturated fat, protein, carbohydrate and fibre, mineral, and vitamin consumption were analysed based on the two-day weighed food records collected by the parents. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that most young children followed the diurnal pattern when sAA increased and sIgA decreased from morning to evening. No correlation was observed between the intake of any of the nutrients and morning or evening values for both salivary proteins. The morning and evening values of sAA and sIgA did not correlate with age, sex, Asian ethnicity, and BMI of the children. CONCLUSION: Diurnal patterns of sAA and sIgA exist in healthy young children and are not affected by their nutrient intake, sex, Asian ethnicity, and BMI. Scientists including sIgA and sAA in their research must consider the diurnal pattern that these markers exhibit and design the study accordingly. Hindawi 2019-01-14 /pmc/articles/PMC6348797/ /pubmed/30733960 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3687416 Text en Copyright © 2019 P. W. Lim et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Lim, P. W. Nambiar, S. Muhardi, L. Abdul Kader, U. H. Garssen, J. Sandalova, E. Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors |
title | Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors |
title_full | Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors |
title_fullStr | Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors |
title_full_unstemmed | Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors |
title_short | Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors |
title_sort | young children display diurnal patterns of salivary iga and alpha-amylase expression which are independent of food intake and demographic factors |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348797/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30733960 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3687416 |
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