Dynamics of nitric oxide level in liquids treated with microwave plasma-generated gas and their effects on spinach development

In this study, we generated water and phosphate buffer treated with microwave plasma-generated gas in which the major component was nitric oxide (PGNO), and investigated the efficiency of the treated water and buffer in fertilization and sanitation. Real time NO level monitored by an electrode sensor was linearly increased over PGNO injection time, and removal of O(2) from liquid before PGNO injection accelerated NO assimilation into liquids. Residual NO was still present 16 h after PGNO injection was stopped. H(2)O(2), NO(2)(−), and NO(3)(−) were also detected in PGNO-treated liquids. Spinach plants applied with 10 and 30 times diluted PGNO-treated water and 0.5 mM phosphate buffer showed slightly higher height and dry weight than control after 5 weeks. Plants grown with 10 and 30 times diluted PGNO-treated water exhibited the increased tolerance to water deficiency. Significant anti-microbial activity within 1 h was observed in un-diluted and in half-diluted PGNO-treated water and 0.5 mM phosphate buffer. Our results suggest that water or phosphate buffer containing NO, H(2)O(2), NO(2)(−), and NO(3)(−) can be produced by PGNO treatment, and that PGNO-treated water or buffer can be used as a potential fertilizer enhancing plant vitality with sanitation effect.