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Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is considered a clinic condition characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. The role of macrophages and adipocytokines in adipose tissue inflammation is in growing investigation. The physiopathological mechanisms involved in inflammatory state in obesity are not f...

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Autores principales: Fuggetta, Maria Pia, Zonfrillo, Manuela, Villivà, Cristina, Bonmassar, Enzo, Ravagnan, Giampiero
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6360562/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30804705
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1515621
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author Fuggetta, Maria Pia
Zonfrillo, Manuela
Villivà, Cristina
Bonmassar, Enzo
Ravagnan, Giampiero
author_facet Fuggetta, Maria Pia
Zonfrillo, Manuela
Villivà, Cristina
Bonmassar, Enzo
Ravagnan, Giampiero
author_sort Fuggetta, Maria Pia
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: Obesity is considered a clinic condition characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. The role of macrophages and adipocytokines in adipose tissue inflammation is in growing investigation. The physiopathological mechanisms involved in inflammatory state in obesity are not fully understood though the adipocytokines seem to characterize the biochemical link between obesity and inflammation. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of theobromine, a methylxanthine present in the cocoa, on adipogenesis and on proinflammatory cytokines evaluated in a model of fat tissue inflammation in vitro. METHODS: In order to mimic in vitro this inflammatory condition, we investigated the interactions between human-like macrophages U937 and human adipocyte cell lines SGBS. The effect of theobromine on in vitro cell growth, cell cycle, adipogenesis, and cytokines release in the supernatants has been evaluated. RESULTS: Theobromine significantly inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes in mature adipocytes and reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines as MCP-1 and IL-1β in the supernatants obtained by the mature adipocytes and macrophages interaction. CONCLUSION: Theobromine reduces adipogenesis and proinflammatory cytokines; these data suggest its potential therapeutic effect for treating obesity by control of macrophages infiltration in adipose tissue and inflammation.
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spelling pubmed-63605622019-02-25 Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro Fuggetta, Maria Pia Zonfrillo, Manuela Villivà, Cristina Bonmassar, Enzo Ravagnan, Giampiero Mediators Inflamm Research Article OBJECTIVE: Obesity is considered a clinic condition characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. The role of macrophages and adipocytokines in adipose tissue inflammation is in growing investigation. The physiopathological mechanisms involved in inflammatory state in obesity are not fully understood though the adipocytokines seem to characterize the biochemical link between obesity and inflammation. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of theobromine, a methylxanthine present in the cocoa, on adipogenesis and on proinflammatory cytokines evaluated in a model of fat tissue inflammation in vitro. METHODS: In order to mimic in vitro this inflammatory condition, we investigated the interactions between human-like macrophages U937 and human adipocyte cell lines SGBS. The effect of theobromine on in vitro cell growth, cell cycle, adipogenesis, and cytokines release in the supernatants has been evaluated. RESULTS: Theobromine significantly inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes in mature adipocytes and reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines as MCP-1 and IL-1β in the supernatants obtained by the mature adipocytes and macrophages interaction. CONCLUSION: Theobromine reduces adipogenesis and proinflammatory cytokines; these data suggest its potential therapeutic effect for treating obesity by control of macrophages infiltration in adipose tissue and inflammation. Hindawi 2019-01-20 /pmc/articles/PMC6360562/ /pubmed/30804705 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1515621 Text en Copyright © 2019 Maria Pia Fuggetta et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Fuggetta, Maria Pia
Zonfrillo, Manuela
Villivà, Cristina
Bonmassar, Enzo
Ravagnan, Giampiero
Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro
title Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro
title_full Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro
title_fullStr Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro
title_full_unstemmed Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro
title_short Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adipogenic Differentiation in Obesity: The Inhibitory Effect of Theobromine in a Model of Human Obesity In Vitro
title_sort inflammatory microenvironment and adipogenic differentiation in obesity: the inhibitory effect of theobromine in a model of human obesity in vitro
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6360562/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30804705
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1515621
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