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Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae

Among numerous factors that contribute to honey bee colony losses and problems in beekeeping, pesticides and Nosema ceranae have been often reported. In contrast to insecticides, whose effects on bees have been widely studied, fungicides did not attract considerable attention. Prochloraz, an imidazo...

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Autores principales: Glavinic, Uros, Tesovnik, Tanja, Stevanovic, Jevrosima, Zorc, Minja, Cizelj, Ivanka, Stanimirovic, Zoran, Narat, Mojca
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: PeerJ Inc. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6371917/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30775168
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6325
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author Glavinic, Uros
Tesovnik, Tanja
Stevanovic, Jevrosima
Zorc, Minja
Cizelj, Ivanka
Stanimirovic, Zoran
Narat, Mojca
author_facet Glavinic, Uros
Tesovnik, Tanja
Stevanovic, Jevrosima
Zorc, Minja
Cizelj, Ivanka
Stanimirovic, Zoran
Narat, Mojca
author_sort Glavinic, Uros
collection PubMed
description Among numerous factors that contribute to honey bee colony losses and problems in beekeeping, pesticides and Nosema ceranae have been often reported. In contrast to insecticides, whose effects on bees have been widely studied, fungicides did not attract considerable attention. Prochloraz, an imidazole fungicide widely used in agriculture, was detected in honey and pollen stored inside hives and has been already proven to alter immune gene expression of honey bees at different developmental stages. The aim of this study was to simulate the realistic conditions of migratory beekeeping, where colonies, both uninfected and infected with N. ceranae, are frequently transported to the vicinity of crop fields treated with prochloraz. We investigated the combined effect of prochloraz and N. ceranae on honey bees that faced fungicide during the larval stage through food consumption and microsporidium infection afterwards. The most pronounced changes in gene expression were observed in newly emerged Nosema-free bees originating from colonies previously contaminated with prochloraz. As exclusively upregulation was registered, prochloraz alone most likely acts as a challenge that induces activation of immune pathways in newly emerged bees. The combination of both stressors (prochloraz and Nosema infection) exerted the greatest effect on six-day-old honey bees. Among ten genes with significantly altered expression, half were upregulated and half downregulated. N. ceranae as a sole stressor had the weakest effects on immune gene expression modulation with only three genes significantly dysregulated. In conclusion, food contaminated with prochloraz consumed in larval stage could present a threat to the development of immunity and detoxification mechanisms in honey bees.
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spelling pubmed-63719172019-02-15 Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae Glavinic, Uros Tesovnik, Tanja Stevanovic, Jevrosima Zorc, Minja Cizelj, Ivanka Stanimirovic, Zoran Narat, Mojca PeerJ Agricultural Science Among numerous factors that contribute to honey bee colony losses and problems in beekeeping, pesticides and Nosema ceranae have been often reported. In contrast to insecticides, whose effects on bees have been widely studied, fungicides did not attract considerable attention. Prochloraz, an imidazole fungicide widely used in agriculture, was detected in honey and pollen stored inside hives and has been already proven to alter immune gene expression of honey bees at different developmental stages. The aim of this study was to simulate the realistic conditions of migratory beekeeping, where colonies, both uninfected and infected with N. ceranae, are frequently transported to the vicinity of crop fields treated with prochloraz. We investigated the combined effect of prochloraz and N. ceranae on honey bees that faced fungicide during the larval stage through food consumption and microsporidium infection afterwards. The most pronounced changes in gene expression were observed in newly emerged Nosema-free bees originating from colonies previously contaminated with prochloraz. As exclusively upregulation was registered, prochloraz alone most likely acts as a challenge that induces activation of immune pathways in newly emerged bees. The combination of both stressors (prochloraz and Nosema infection) exerted the greatest effect on six-day-old honey bees. Among ten genes with significantly altered expression, half were upregulated and half downregulated. N. ceranae as a sole stressor had the weakest effects on immune gene expression modulation with only three genes significantly dysregulated. In conclusion, food contaminated with prochloraz consumed in larval stage could present a threat to the development of immunity and detoxification mechanisms in honey bees. PeerJ Inc. 2019-02-08 /pmc/articles/PMC6371917/ /pubmed/30775168 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6325 Text en ©2019 Glavinic et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
spellingShingle Agricultural Science
Glavinic, Uros
Tesovnik, Tanja
Stevanovic, Jevrosima
Zorc, Minja
Cizelj, Ivanka
Stanimirovic, Zoran
Narat, Mojca
Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae
title Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae
title_full Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae
title_fullStr Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae
title_full_unstemmed Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae
title_short Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae
title_sort response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with nosema ceranae
topic Agricultural Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6371917/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30775168
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6325
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