Honey bees long-lasting locomotor deficits after exposure to the diamide chlorantraniliprole are accompanied by brain and muscular calcium channels alterations

Diamides belong to one of the newest insecticides class. We characterized cellular effects of the first commercialized diamide, chlorantraniliprole (ChlorAnt). ChlorAnt not only induces a dose-dependent calcium release from internal stores of honey bee muscle cells, but also a dose-dependent blockade of the voltage-gated calcium current involved in muscles and brain excitability. We measured a long lasting impairment in locomotion after exposure to a sublethal dose and despite an apparent remission, bees suffer a critical relapse seven days later. A dose that was sublethal when applied onto the thorax turned out to induce severe mortality when applied on other body parts. Our results may help in filling the gap in the toxicological evaluation of insecticides that has recently been pointed out by international instances due to the lack of suitable tests to measure sublethal toxicity. Intoxication symptoms in bees with ChlorAnt are consistent with a mode of action on intracellular calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors, RyR) and plasma membrane voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca(V)). A better coupling of in vitro and behavioral tests may help in more efficiently anticipating the intoxication symptoms.