Detección de Leptospira spp. en animales y muestras ambientales de áreas peridomésticas en Nicaragua

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in pets and in humans in peridomestic settings in Nicaragua between 2014 and 2016. METHODS: The samples were taken in areas where cases were confirmed in humans using non-probabilistic sampling in 10 of the country's 17 departments. This included 112 urine samples from pets, 129 water samples, and 69 soil samples in order to isolate leptospires in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium. Furthermore, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was applied to 263 samples of animal serum, and 88 isolates were analyzed using PCR. RESULTS: In 32.6% (101/310) of the samples, spirochetes were isolated: 23.2% (26/112) in the pet urine, 47.3% (61/129) in water samples, and 20.3% (14/69) in soil samples. Isolation analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) between departments for the different types of samples, and isolation was more frequent in water than in soil (OR = 3.49; CI95%: 1.56-7.80). In total, 14.1% (37/263) of the animals were reactors in the microscopic agglutination test. The most frequent serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (40%). PCR analysis to identify pathogenic species of leptospires resulted in 10.2% (9/88) positive isolations. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that pets and environment conditions play an important role in the emergence of outbreaks of leptospirosis, and confirms the endemic behavior of the disease in Nicaragua.