Comparative Metabolic Profiling of Grape Skin Tissue along Grapevine Berry Developmental Stages Reveals Systematic Influences of Root Restriction on Skin Metabolome

This research aimed to comparatively evaluate the influences of root restriction (RR) cultivation and traditional cultivation (RC) on grape berry skin metabolomics using a non-targeted metabolomics method. Two-hundred-and-ninety-one metabolites were annotated and the kinetics analyses showed that berry skin metabolome is stage- and cultivation-dependent. Our results showed that RR influences significantly the metabolomes of berry skin tissues, particularly on secondary metabolism, and that this effect is more obvious at pre-veraison stage, which was evidenced by the early and fast metabolic shift from primary to secondary metabolism. Altogether, this study provided an insight into metabolic adaptation of berry skin to RR stress and expanded general understanding of berry development.