Study on Electrochemical Degradation of Nicosulfuron by IrO(2)-Based DSA Electrodes: Performance, Kinetics, and Degradation Mechanism

The widely used sulfonylurea herbicides have caused negative effects on the environment and human beings. Electrochemical degradation has attracted much attention in the treatment of refractory organic compounds due to its advantage of producing no secondary pollution. Three kinds of IrO(2)-based dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) were used to degrade nicosulfuron by a batch electrochemical process. The results showed that a well-distributed crack network was formed on the Ti/Ta(2)O(5)-IrO(2) electrode and Ti/Ta(2)O(5)-SnO(2)-IrO(2) electrode due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion between the Ti substrate and oxide coatings. The oxygen evolution potential (OEP) increased according to the order of Ti/RuO(2)-IrO(2) < Ti/Ta(2)O(5)-SnO(2)-IrO(2) < Ti/Ta(2)O(5)-IrO(2). Among the three electrodes, the Ti/Ta(2)O(5)-IrO(2) electrode showed the highest efficiency and was chosen as the experimental electrode. Single factor experiments were carried out to obtain the optimum electrolysis condition, shown as follows: currency intensity 0.8 A; electrode spacing 3 cm, electrolyte pH 3. Under the optimum conditions, the degradation of nicosulfuron followed first-order kinetics and was mainly due to indirect electrochemical oxidation. It was a typical diffusion-controlled electrochemical process. On the basis of the intermediate identified by high performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), two possible degradation routes were proposed.