Short‐term remote ischemic conditioning may protect monkeys after ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of short‐term remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) in acute stroke monkey models. METHODS: Acute stroke monkeys were allocated to four groups based on the number of limbs exposed to RIPC. RIPC was initiated by 5‐min cuff inflation/deflation cycles of the target limb(s) for 5–10 bouts. Vital signs, skin integrity, brain MRI, and serum levels of cardiac enzymes (myoglobin, creatine kinase [CK], CK‐muscle/brain [CK‐MB]), one inflammatory marker (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein [hsCRP], and one endothelial injury marker (von Willebrand factor [vWF]) were assessed. Spetzler scores were used to assess neurological function. RESULTS: No significant differences in vital signs or local skin integrity were found. Short‐term RIPC did not reduce infarct volume under any condition at the 24th hour after stroke. However, neurological function improved in multi‐limb RIPC compared with sham and single‐limb RIPC at the 30th day follow‐up after stroke. Myoglobin, CK, and CK‐MB levels were reduced after multi‐limb RIPC, regardless of the number of bouts. Moreover, multi‐limb RIPC produced a greater diminution in CK‐MB levels, whereas two‐limb RIPC was more effective in reducing serum CK levels at the 24th hour after stroke. hsCRP increased after 5 bouts of multi‐limb RIPC before decreasing below baseline and single‐limb RIPC levels. Serum vWF was decreased at later time points after RIPC in all RIPC groups. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke monkeys in hyperacute stage may benefit from short‐term RIPC; however, whether this intervention can be translated into clinical use in patients with acute ischemic stroke warrants further study.