Noncommunicable Respiratory Disease and Air Pollution Exposure in Malawi (CAPS). A Cross-Sectional Study

Rationale: Noncommunicable respiratory diseases and exposure to air pollution are thought to be important contributors to morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan African adults. Objectives: We set out to explore the prevalence and determinants of noncommunicable respiratory disease among adults living in Chikhwawa District, Malawi. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study among adults in communities participating in a randomized controlled trial of a cleaner-burning biomass-fueled cookstove intervention (CAPS [Cooking and Pneumonia Study]) in rural Malawi. We assessed chronic respiratory symptoms, spirometric abnormalities, and personal exposure to air pollution (particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter [PM(2.5)] and carbon monoxide [CO]). Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated; multivariable and intention-to-treat analyses were done. Measurements and Main Results: One thousand four hundred eighty-one participants (mean [SD] age, 43.8 [17.8] yr; 57% female) were recruited. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, spirometric obstruction, and restriction were 13.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9–15.4), 8.7% (95% CI, 7.0–10.7), and 34.8% (95% CI, 31.7–38.0), respectively. Median 48-hour personal PM(2.5) and CO exposures were 71.0 μg/m(3) (interquartile range [IQR], 44.6–119.2) and 1.23 ppm (IQR, 0.79–1.93), respectively. Chronic respiratory symptoms were associated with current/ex-smoking (odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% CI, 1.05–2.39), previous tuberculosis (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.04–15.58), and CO exposure (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.04–2.05). Exposure to PM(2.5) was not associated with any demographic, clinical, or spirometric characteristics. There was no effect of the CAPS intervention on any of the secondary trial outcomes. Conclusions: The burden of chronic respiratory symptoms, abnormal spirometry, and air pollution exposures in adults in rural Malawi is of considerable potential public health importance. We found little evidence that air pollution exposures were associated with chronic respiratory symptoms or spirometric abnormalities and no evidence that the CAPS intervention had effects on the secondary trial outcomes. More effective prevention and control strategies for noncommunicable respiratory disease in sub-Saharan Africa are needed. Clinical trial registered with www.isrctn.com (ISRCTN 59448623).