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Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses

This review explores the presence and functions of polyglutamine (polyQ) in viral proteins. In mammals, mutations in polyQ segments (and CAG repeats at the nucleotide level) have been linked to neural disorders and ataxias. PolyQ regions in normal human proteins have documented functional roles, in...

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Autor principal: Schein, Catherine H.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer US 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6399083/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30182336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1269-4
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author Schein, Catherine H.
author_facet Schein, Catherine H.
author_sort Schein, Catherine H.
collection PubMed
description This review explores the presence and functions of polyglutamine (polyQ) in viral proteins. In mammals, mutations in polyQ segments (and CAG repeats at the nucleotide level) have been linked to neural disorders and ataxias. PolyQ regions in normal human proteins have documented functional roles, in transcription factors and, more recently, in regulating autophagy. Despite the high frequency of polyQ repeats in eukaryotic genomes, little attention has been given to the presence or possible role of polyQ sequences in virus genomes. A survey described here revealed that polyQ repeats occur rarely in RNA viruses, suggesting that they have detrimental effects on virus replication at the nucleotide or protein level. However, there have been sporadic reports of polyQ segments in potyviruses and in reptilian nidoviruses (among the largest RNA viruses known). Conserved polyQ segments are found in the regulatory control proteins of many DNA viruses. Variable length polyQ tracts are found in proteins that contribute to transmissibility (cowpox A-type inclusion protein (ATI)) and control of latency (herpes viruses). New longer-read sequencing methods, using original biological samples, should reveal more details on the presence and functional role of polyQ in viruses, as well as the nucleotide regions that encode them. Given the known toxic effects of polyQ repeats, the role of these segments in neurovirulent and tumorigenic viruses should be further explored. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12035-018-1269-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-63990832020-03-24 Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses Schein, Catherine H. Mol Neurobiol Article This review explores the presence and functions of polyglutamine (polyQ) in viral proteins. In mammals, mutations in polyQ segments (and CAG repeats at the nucleotide level) have been linked to neural disorders and ataxias. PolyQ regions in normal human proteins have documented functional roles, in transcription factors and, more recently, in regulating autophagy. Despite the high frequency of polyQ repeats in eukaryotic genomes, little attention has been given to the presence or possible role of polyQ sequences in virus genomes. A survey described here revealed that polyQ repeats occur rarely in RNA viruses, suggesting that they have detrimental effects on virus replication at the nucleotide or protein level. However, there have been sporadic reports of polyQ segments in potyviruses and in reptilian nidoviruses (among the largest RNA viruses known). Conserved polyQ segments are found in the regulatory control proteins of many DNA viruses. Variable length polyQ tracts are found in proteins that contribute to transmissibility (cowpox A-type inclusion protein (ATI)) and control of latency (herpes viruses). New longer-read sequencing methods, using original biological samples, should reveal more details on the presence and functional role of polyQ in viruses, as well as the nucleotide regions that encode them. Given the known toxic effects of polyQ repeats, the role of these segments in neurovirulent and tumorigenic viruses should be further explored. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12035-018-1269-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Springer US 2018-09-04 2019 /pmc/articles/PMC6399083/ /pubmed/30182336 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1269-4 Text en © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
spellingShingle Article
Schein, Catherine H.
Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses
title Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses
title_full Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses
title_fullStr Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses
title_full_unstemmed Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses
title_short Polyglutamine Repeats in Viruses
title_sort polyglutamine repeats in viruses
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6399083/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30182336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1269-4
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