Composite Aerogels of Carbon Nanocellulose Fibers and Mixed-Valent Manganese Oxides as Renewable Supercapacitor Electrodes

Bio-waste derived nanocelluloses show excellent mechanical flexibility and self-aggregated capability, which enable them to be good supporting substrates for the synthesis of electroactive materials. Herein, we present a facile route for fabricating composite aerogels consisting of carbonized nanocellulose fibers (CNF) and mixed-valent manganese oxide (MnO(x)), toward supercapacitor applications. Mixed solutions of nanocellulose and manganese acetate with different ratios were prepared and freeze-dried into hybrid aerogels. The hybrid aerogels were then transformed into CNF/MnO(x) composites by a calcination process. The CNF membranes served as porous carbon nano-reservoirs for MnO(x) and electrolyte. The CNF/MnO(x) composites also kept a 3D porous aerogel structure with hierarchical pores, which enabled stable transport of both electrolyte ions and electrons to the electrode surface, leading to low a charge-transfer impedance and good electrochemical kinetics. The CNF/MnO(x)-based symmetric supercapacitor showed a satisfied energy density and power density of 37.5 Wh kg(−1) and 2.75 kW kg(−1), respectively. All the above results demonstrate the feasibility of using sustainable nanocellulose as a nanoscale carbon substrate for the synthesis of hybrid composite electrodes toward renewable supercapacitor applications.