TZAP plays an inhibitory role in the self-renewal of porcine mesenchymal stromal cells and is implicated the regulation of premature senescence via the p53 pathway

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were originally characterized by the ability to differentiate into different mesenchymal lineages in vitro, and their immunomodulatory and trophic functions have recently aroused significant interest in the application of MSCs in cell-based regenerative medicine. However, a major problem in clinical practice is the replicative senescence of MSCs, which limits the cell proliferation potential of MSCs after large-scale expansion. Telomeric zinc finger-associated protein (TZAP), a novel specific telomere-binding protein, was recently found to stimulate telomere trimming and prevent excessive telomere elongation. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of TZAP in regulating MSCs senescence, differentiation and proliferation. METHOD: Primary porcine mesenchymal stromal cells (pMSCs) were isolated from the bone marrow of Tibet minipigs by a noninvasive method in combination with frequent medium changes (FMCs). The deterioration of the pMSCs’ proliferation capacity and their resultant entry into senescence were analyzed by using CCK8 and EdU incorporation assays, SA-β-gal staining and comparisons of the expression levels of cellular senescence markers (p16INK14 and p21) in pMSC cell lines with TZAP overexpression or knockout. The effects of TZAP overexpression or knockout on the differentiation potential of pMSCs were assessed by alizarin red S staining after osteogenic induction or by oil red O staining after adipogenic induction. The effect of TZAP overexpression and the involvement of the p53 signaling pathway were evaluated by detecting changes in ARF, MDM2, P53 and P21 protein levels in pMSCs. RESULTS: TZAP levels were significantly elevated in late-passage pMSCs compared to those in early-passage pMSCs. We also observed significantly increased levels of the senescence markers p16INK4A and p21. Overexpression of TZAP reduced the differentiation potential of the cells, leading to premature senescence in early-passage pMSCs, while knockout of TZAP led to the opposite phenotype in late-passage pMSCs. Furthermore, overexpression of TZAP activated the P53 pathway (ARF-MDM2-P53-P21WAF/CDKN1A) in vitro. TZAP also downregulated the expression levels of PPARγ and Cebpα, two key modulators of adipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the level of TZAP is closely related to differentiation potential in pMSCs and affects cellular senescence outcomes via the p53 pathway. Therefore, attenuation of intracellular TZAP levels could be a new strategy for improving the efficiency of pMSCs in cell therapy and tissue engineering applications. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1820-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.