Developmental and physiological responses of Brachypodium distachyon to fluctuating nitrogen availability

The Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of grain cereals depends on nitrate (NO(3)(−)) uptake from the soil, translocation to the aerial parts, nitrogen (N) assimilation and remobilization to the grains. Brachypodium distachyon has been proposed as a model species to identify the molecular players and mechanisms that affects these processes, for the improvement of temperate C3 cereals. We report on the developmental, physiological and grain-characteristic responses of the Bd21-3 accession of Brachypodium to variations in NO(3)(−) availability. As previously described in wheat and barley, we show that vegetative growth, shoot/root ratio, tiller formation, spike development, tissue NO(3)(−) and N contents, grain number per plant, grain yield and grain N content are sensitive to pre- and/or post-anthesis NO(3)(−) supply. We subsequently described constitutive and NO(3)(−)-inducible components of both High and Low Affinity Transport Systems (HATS and LATS) for root NO(3)(−) uptake, and BdNRT2/3 candidate genes potentially involved in the HATS. Taken together, our data validate Brachypodium Bd21-3 as a model to decipher cereal N nutrition. Apparent specificities such as high grain N content, strong post-anthesis NO(3)(−) uptake and efficient constitutive HATS, further identify Brachypodium as a direct source of knowledge for crop improvement.