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Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat

Arctic and alpine environments present extreme, but different, challenges to survival. We therefore studied the ecological adaptation of the arctic-alpine fritillary Boloria napaea in northern Sweden and compared these results with the eastern Alps. Using mark-release-recapture, we analysed phenolog...

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Autores principales: Ehl, Stefan, Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J., Ryrholm, Nils, Schmitt, Thomas
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405876/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30846780
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40508-7
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author Ehl, Stefan
Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J.
Ryrholm, Nils
Schmitt, Thomas
author_facet Ehl, Stefan
Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J.
Ryrholm, Nils
Schmitt, Thomas
author_sort Ehl, Stefan
collection PubMed
description Arctic and alpine environments present extreme, but different, challenges to survival. We therefore studied the ecological adaptation of the arctic-alpine fritillary Boloria napaea in northern Sweden and compared these results with the eastern Alps. Using mark-release-recapture, we analysed phenology, mobility, activity patterns, change in wing condition and nectar sources. The phenology showed no protandry, but a longer flight period of the females. Wing conditions revealed a linear decay being quicker in males than females. The mean flight distances were higher for males than females (143 vs 92 m). In general, males were more flight active, while females invested more time in feeding and resting. The shortness of the flight period in the Arctic is apparently a particular adaptation to these harsh conditions, not even allowing protandry, and constraining all individuals to hatch during a short period. These conditions also forced the individuals to concentrate on flight and alimentation. In general, Arctic and Alpine populations of B. napaea show few differences, but the species seems to be even better adapted to the northern environments. Thus, the short temporal separation of these populations seems not to have been sufficient for a divergent adaptation in the southern mountains.
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spelling pubmed-64058762019-03-11 Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat Ehl, Stefan Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J. Ryrholm, Nils Schmitt, Thomas Sci Rep Article Arctic and alpine environments present extreme, but different, challenges to survival. We therefore studied the ecological adaptation of the arctic-alpine fritillary Boloria napaea in northern Sweden and compared these results with the eastern Alps. Using mark-release-recapture, we analysed phenology, mobility, activity patterns, change in wing condition and nectar sources. The phenology showed no protandry, but a longer flight period of the females. Wing conditions revealed a linear decay being quicker in males than females. The mean flight distances were higher for males than females (143 vs 92 m). In general, males were more flight active, while females invested more time in feeding and resting. The shortness of the flight period in the Arctic is apparently a particular adaptation to these harsh conditions, not even allowing protandry, and constraining all individuals to hatch during a short period. These conditions also forced the individuals to concentrate on flight and alimentation. In general, Arctic and Alpine populations of B. napaea show few differences, but the species seems to be even better adapted to the northern environments. Thus, the short temporal separation of these populations seems not to have been sufficient for a divergent adaptation in the southern mountains. Nature Publishing Group UK 2019-03-07 /pmc/articles/PMC6405876/ /pubmed/30846780 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40508-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Article
Ehl, Stefan
Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J.
Ryrholm, Nils
Schmitt, Thomas
Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat
title Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat
title_full Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat
title_fullStr Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat
title_full_unstemmed Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat
title_short Phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species Boloria napaea in its arctic habitat
title_sort phenology, mobility and behaviour of the arcto-alpine species boloria napaea in its arctic habitat
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405876/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30846780
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40508-7
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