Sediment delivery of partially-unfrozen loam soil rill by snow/glacier meltwater flow

Erosion of freeze-thaw soil by meltwater from snow/glacier is one of the main erosion types in high altitude or latitude regions. This study aims to experimentally measure soil erosion processes over partially-unfrozen soil slopes in laboratory. The experiments including three slope gradients of 10°, 15°, and 20°, three water flow rates of 1, 2, and 4 L/min (0.06, 0.12, and 0.24 m(3)/h), and three thawed-soil depths of 1, 2, and 5 cm were conducted to measure sediment concentration and calculate its delivery rate under seven slope lengths of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 m. The sediment delivery rates from nonfrozen soil slopes under the corresponding slope gradients, flow rates, and slope lengths also were measured as control treatments. Results showed that the sediment delivery rate from both partially-unfrozen and nonfrozen soil slopes increased logarithmically with slope length. The sediment delivery rate from partially-unfrozen soil slope increased with the increased slope gradient and meltwater flow rate significantly, and the effect of water flow rate on it was greater than that of slope gradient. The thawed-soil depth did not significantly affect sediment delivery rate. The sediment delivery rate from a partially-unfrozen loamy soil slope averagely was 11.4% smaller than that from nonfrozen soil slope. This study is helpful to understand the erosion process of thawing-soil by meltwater from snow/glacier.