Emerging Roles of Neuronal Ca(2+) Sensor-1 in Cardiac and Neuronal Tissues: A Mini Review

The EF-hand calcium (Ca(2+))-binding protein, neuronal Ca(2+) sensor-1 (NCS-1/frequenin), is predominantly expressed in neuronal tissues and plays a crucial role in neuronal functions, including synaptic transmission and plasticity. NCS-1 has diverse functional roles, as elucidated in the past 15 years, which include the regulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI-4K-β) and several ion channels such as voltage-gated K(+) and Ca(2+) channels, the D2 dopamine receptors, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP(3)Rs). Functional analyses demonstrated that NCS-1 enhances exocytosis and neuronal survival after injury, as well as promotes learning and memory in mice. NCS-1 is also expressed in the heart including the Purkinje fibers (PFs) of the conduction system. NCS-1 interacts with K(V)4 K(+) channels together with dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein-6 (DPP-6), and this macromolecule then composes the transient outward current in PFs and contributes to the repolarization of PF action potential, thus being responsible for idiopathic arrhythmia. Moreover, NCS-1 expression was reported to be significantly high at the immature stage and at hypertrophy in adults. That report demonstrated that NCS-1 positively regulates cardiac contraction in immature hearts by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) signals through interaction with InsP(3)Rs. With the related signals, NCS-1 activates nuclear Ca(2+) signals, which would be a mechanism underlying hormone-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, NCS-1 contributes to stress tolerance in cardiomyocytes by activating mitochondrial detoxification pathways, with a key role in Ca(2+)-dependent pathways. In this review, we will discuss recent findings supporting the functional significance of NCS-1 in the brain and heart and will address possible underlying molecular mechanisms.