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Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus

Influenza C virus (ICV) was first identified in humans and swine, but recently also in cattle, indicating a wider host range and potential threat to both the livestock industry and public health than was originally anticipated. The ICV hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein has multiple functions...

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Autores principales: Zhang, Wenyan, Zhang, Letian, He, Wanting, Zhang, Xu, Wen, Baiqing, Wang, Congcong, Xu, Qiuhua, Li, Gairu, Zhou, Jiyong, Veit, Michael, Su, Shuo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6409753/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30791465
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020167
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author Zhang, Wenyan
Zhang, Letian
He, Wanting
Zhang, Xu
Wen, Baiqing
Wang, Congcong
Xu, Qiuhua
Li, Gairu
Zhou, Jiyong
Veit, Michael
Su, Shuo
author_facet Zhang, Wenyan
Zhang, Letian
He, Wanting
Zhang, Xu
Wen, Baiqing
Wang, Congcong
Xu, Qiuhua
Li, Gairu
Zhou, Jiyong
Veit, Michael
Su, Shuo
author_sort Zhang, Wenyan
collection PubMed
description Influenza C virus (ICV) was first identified in humans and swine, but recently also in cattle, indicating a wider host range and potential threat to both the livestock industry and public health than was originally anticipated. The ICV hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein has multiple functions in the viral replication cycle and is the major determinant of antigenicity. Here, we developed a comparative approach integrating genetics, molecular selection analysis, and structural biology to identify the codon usage and adaptive evolution of ICV. We show that ICV can be classified into six lineages, consistent with previous studies. The HE gene has a low codon usage bias, which may facilitate ICV replication by reducing competition during evolution. Natural selection, dinucleotide composition, and mutation pressure shape the codon usage patterns of the ICV HE gene, with natural selection being the most important factor. Codon adaptation index (CAI) and relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) analysis revealed that the greatest adaption of ICV was to humans, followed by cattle and swine. Additionally, similarity index (SiD) analysis revealed that swine exerted a stronger evolutionary pressure on ICV than humans, which is considered the primary reservoir. Furthermore, a similar tendency was also observed in the M gene. Of note, we found HE residues 176, 194, and 198 to be under positive selection, which may be the result of escape from antibody responses. Our study provides useful information on the genetic evolution of ICV from a new perspective that can help devise prevention and control strategies.
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spelling pubmed-64097532019-04-01 Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus Zhang, Wenyan Zhang, Letian He, Wanting Zhang, Xu Wen, Baiqing Wang, Congcong Xu, Qiuhua Li, Gairu Zhou, Jiyong Veit, Michael Su, Shuo Viruses Article Influenza C virus (ICV) was first identified in humans and swine, but recently also in cattle, indicating a wider host range and potential threat to both the livestock industry and public health than was originally anticipated. The ICV hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein has multiple functions in the viral replication cycle and is the major determinant of antigenicity. Here, we developed a comparative approach integrating genetics, molecular selection analysis, and structural biology to identify the codon usage and adaptive evolution of ICV. We show that ICV can be classified into six lineages, consistent with previous studies. The HE gene has a low codon usage bias, which may facilitate ICV replication by reducing competition during evolution. Natural selection, dinucleotide composition, and mutation pressure shape the codon usage patterns of the ICV HE gene, with natural selection being the most important factor. Codon adaptation index (CAI) and relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) analysis revealed that the greatest adaption of ICV was to humans, followed by cattle and swine. Additionally, similarity index (SiD) analysis revealed that swine exerted a stronger evolutionary pressure on ICV than humans, which is considered the primary reservoir. Furthermore, a similar tendency was also observed in the M gene. Of note, we found HE residues 176, 194, and 198 to be under positive selection, which may be the result of escape from antibody responses. Our study provides useful information on the genetic evolution of ICV from a new perspective that can help devise prevention and control strategies. MDPI 2019-02-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6409753/ /pubmed/30791465 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020167 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Zhang, Wenyan
Zhang, Letian
He, Wanting
Zhang, Xu
Wen, Baiqing
Wang, Congcong
Xu, Qiuhua
Li, Gairu
Zhou, Jiyong
Veit, Michael
Su, Shuo
Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus
title Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus
title_full Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus
title_fullStr Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus
title_full_unstemmed Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus
title_short Genetic Evolution and Molecular Selection of the HE Gene of Influenza C Virus
title_sort genetic evolution and molecular selection of the he gene of influenza c virus
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6409753/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30791465
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020167
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