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Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol

In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of tramadol (TRA) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) and also in some rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America, suggesting that TRA is removed by no more than 36% by specific disinfection treatments....

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Autores principales: Romanucci, Valeria, Siciliano, Antonietta, Galdiero, Emilia, Guida, Marco, Luongo, Giovanni, Liguori, Renato, Di Fabio, Giovanni, Previtera, Lucio, Zarrelli, Armando
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6412430/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30769936
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040693
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author Romanucci, Valeria
Siciliano, Antonietta
Galdiero, Emilia
Guida, Marco
Luongo, Giovanni
Liguori, Renato
Di Fabio, Giovanni
Previtera, Lucio
Zarrelli, Armando
author_facet Romanucci, Valeria
Siciliano, Antonietta
Galdiero, Emilia
Guida, Marco
Luongo, Giovanni
Liguori, Renato
Di Fabio, Giovanni
Previtera, Lucio
Zarrelli, Armando
author_sort Romanucci, Valeria
collection PubMed
description In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of tramadol (TRA) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) and also in some rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America, suggesting that TRA is removed by no more than 36% by specific disinfection treatments. The extensive use of this drug has led to environmental pollution of both water and soil, up to its detection in growing plants. In order to expand the knowledge about TRA toxicity as well as the nature of its disinfection by-products (DBPs), a simulation of the waste treatment chlorination step has been reported herein. In particular, we found seven new by-products, that together with TRA, have been assayed on different living organisms (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna), to test their acute and chronic toxicity. The results reported that TRA may be classified as a harmful compound to some aquatic organisms whereas its chlorinated product mixture showed no effects on any of the organisms tested. All data suggest however that TRA chlorination treatment produces a variety of DBPs which can be more harmful than TRA and a risk for the aquatic environment and human health.
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spelling pubmed-64124302019-04-09 Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol Romanucci, Valeria Siciliano, Antonietta Galdiero, Emilia Guida, Marco Luongo, Giovanni Liguori, Renato Di Fabio, Giovanni Previtera, Lucio Zarrelli, Armando Molecules Article In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of tramadol (TRA) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) and also in some rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America, suggesting that TRA is removed by no more than 36% by specific disinfection treatments. The extensive use of this drug has led to environmental pollution of both water and soil, up to its detection in growing plants. In order to expand the knowledge about TRA toxicity as well as the nature of its disinfection by-products (DBPs), a simulation of the waste treatment chlorination step has been reported herein. In particular, we found seven new by-products, that together with TRA, have been assayed on different living organisms (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna), to test their acute and chronic toxicity. The results reported that TRA may be classified as a harmful compound to some aquatic organisms whereas its chlorinated product mixture showed no effects on any of the organisms tested. All data suggest however that TRA chlorination treatment produces a variety of DBPs which can be more harmful than TRA and a risk for the aquatic environment and human health. MDPI 2019-02-15 /pmc/articles/PMC6412430/ /pubmed/30769936 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040693 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Romanucci, Valeria
Siciliano, Antonietta
Galdiero, Emilia
Guida, Marco
Luongo, Giovanni
Liguori, Renato
Di Fabio, Giovanni
Previtera, Lucio
Zarrelli, Armando
Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol
title Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol
title_full Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol
title_fullStr Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol
title_full_unstemmed Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol
title_short Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol
title_sort disinfection by-products and ecotoxic risk associated with hypochlorite treatment of tramadol
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6412430/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30769936
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040693
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