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Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016

BACKGROUND: In 2012, cryptosporidiosis cases increased in the Netherlands, but no single source was identified. In April 2013, we began a 3-year population-based case-control study coupled with genotyping to identify risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis. METHODS: Cryptosporidium cases were la...

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Autores principales: Nic Lochlainn, Laura M, Sane, Jussi, Schimmer, Barbara, Mooij, Sofie, Roelfsema, Jeroen, van Pelt, Wilfrid, Kortbeek, Titia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6420163/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30395258
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy634
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author Nic Lochlainn, Laura M
Sane, Jussi
Schimmer, Barbara
Mooij, Sofie
Roelfsema, Jeroen
van Pelt, Wilfrid
Kortbeek, Titia
author_facet Nic Lochlainn, Laura M
Sane, Jussi
Schimmer, Barbara
Mooij, Sofie
Roelfsema, Jeroen
van Pelt, Wilfrid
Kortbeek, Titia
author_sort Nic Lochlainn, Laura M
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: In 2012, cryptosporidiosis cases increased in the Netherlands, but no single source was identified. In April 2013, we began a 3-year population-based case-control study coupled with genotyping to identify risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis. METHODS: Cryptosporidium cases were laboratory confirmed (by microscopy or polymerase chain reaction), and the species (ie, C. hominis or C. parvum) was determined. We analyzed data by study year, combined and by species. We performed single-variable analysis, and variables with a P value of ≤ .10 were included in a multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, and season. RESULTS: The study included 609 cases and 1548 frequency-matched controls. C. parvum was the predominant species in the first 2 study years, shifting to C. hominis in the third year. Household person-to-person transmission and eating barbequed food were strongly associated with being a case. Eating tomatoes was negatively associated. When the analysis was stratified by study year, person-to-person transmission was an independent risk factor. Analysis by species identified different risk factors for cases infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. CONCLUSION: This was the first case-control study examining risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands. Providing information about Cryptosporidium exposure during outdoor activities and improvements in hygiene within households could prevent future sporadic infections.
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spelling pubmed-64201632019-03-20 Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016 Nic Lochlainn, Laura M Sane, Jussi Schimmer, Barbara Mooij, Sofie Roelfsema, Jeroen van Pelt, Wilfrid Kortbeek, Titia J Infect Dis Major Articles and Brief Reports BACKGROUND: In 2012, cryptosporidiosis cases increased in the Netherlands, but no single source was identified. In April 2013, we began a 3-year population-based case-control study coupled with genotyping to identify risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis. METHODS: Cryptosporidium cases were laboratory confirmed (by microscopy or polymerase chain reaction), and the species (ie, C. hominis or C. parvum) was determined. We analyzed data by study year, combined and by species. We performed single-variable analysis, and variables with a P value of ≤ .10 were included in a multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, and season. RESULTS: The study included 609 cases and 1548 frequency-matched controls. C. parvum was the predominant species in the first 2 study years, shifting to C. hominis in the third year. Household person-to-person transmission and eating barbequed food were strongly associated with being a case. Eating tomatoes was negatively associated. When the analysis was stratified by study year, person-to-person transmission was an independent risk factor. Analysis by species identified different risk factors for cases infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. CONCLUSION: This was the first case-control study examining risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands. Providing information about Cryptosporidium exposure during outdoor activities and improvements in hygiene within households could prevent future sporadic infections. Oxford University Press 2019-04-01 2018-11-03 /pmc/articles/PMC6420163/ /pubmed/30395258 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy634 Text en © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
spellingShingle Major Articles and Brief Reports
Nic Lochlainn, Laura M
Sane, Jussi
Schimmer, Barbara
Mooij, Sofie
Roelfsema, Jeroen
van Pelt, Wilfrid
Kortbeek, Titia
Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016
title Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016
title_full Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016
title_fullStr Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016
title_full_unstemmed Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016
title_short Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands: Analysis of a 3-Year Population Based Case-Control Study Coupled With Genotyping, 2013–2016
title_sort risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis in the netherlands: analysis of a 3-year population based case-control study coupled with genotyping, 2013–2016
topic Major Articles and Brief Reports
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6420163/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30395258
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy634
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