In Vitro and In Vivo Testing to Determine Cd Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability in Contaminated Rice in Relation to Mouse Chow

A combination of an in vitro physiologically based extraction test (PBET) and an in vivo mouse model was used to determine Cd oral bioaccessibility and estimate bioavailability in Cd-contaminated rice. The PBET found lower Cd bioaccessibility in the intestinal stage (40–50%) than in the gastric stage (93–98%) for both rice and mouse chow. No significant difference was found in Cd bioaccessibility between contaminated rice and Cd-amended mouse chow in the gastric or gastrointestinal phase (except for rice 1). The result of the in vivo bioassay revealed that Cd absorption in the kidney or liver of mice fed with contaminated rice were significantly higher than in the mouse chow group containing an equal Cd concentration. Correlation analysis between concentrations of different elements in mouse chow or rice and Cd concentrations in mice kidney or liver showed that Fe, Ca, Cu, and Zn had significant negative correlation (r(2) > 0.7, p < 0.01). These results suggest that nutritional elements in the diet could affect Cd absorption and distribution in organs and that different food matrices may result in unequal Cd health risks at an equal Cd concentration due to the specific mineral content of food.