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The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the synaptic and metabolic actions of glutamate. These iGluRs are classified within the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-type, kainate-type, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type functional receptor families. The iGluR assemb...

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Autor principal: Mihály, András
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429472/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30818767
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051030
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author Mihály, András
author_facet Mihály, András
author_sort Mihály, András
collection PubMed
description Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the synaptic and metabolic actions of glutamate. These iGluRs are classified within the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-type, kainate-type, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type functional receptor families. The iGluR assemblies are regulated by transcription, alternative splicing, and cytoplasmic post-translational modifications. The iGluR subunit proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum, inserted into the synaptic membranes, and anchored at their action site by different scaffolding and interacting proteins. The functional properties of iGluRs depend on their subunit composition, the amino acid sequence of the protein domains, and the scaffolding proteins in the synaptic membranes. The iGluRs are removed from the membranes by enzymatic action and endocytosis. Hippocampal iGluRs are rearranged through the upregulation and downregulation of the subunits following deafferentation and epileptic seizures. The rearrangement of iGluRs and the alteration of their subunit composition transform neurons into “pathological” cells, determining the further plasticity or pathology of the hippocampal formation. In the present review, we summarize the expression of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor subunits following deafferentation, repeated mild seizures, and status epilepticus. We compare our results to literature descriptions, and draw conclusions as to the reactive plasticity of iGluRs in the hippocampus.
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spelling pubmed-64294722019-04-10 The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies Mihály, András Int J Mol Sci Review Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the synaptic and metabolic actions of glutamate. These iGluRs are classified within the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-type, kainate-type, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type functional receptor families. The iGluR assemblies are regulated by transcription, alternative splicing, and cytoplasmic post-translational modifications. The iGluR subunit proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum, inserted into the synaptic membranes, and anchored at their action site by different scaffolding and interacting proteins. The functional properties of iGluRs depend on their subunit composition, the amino acid sequence of the protein domains, and the scaffolding proteins in the synaptic membranes. The iGluRs are removed from the membranes by enzymatic action and endocytosis. Hippocampal iGluRs are rearranged through the upregulation and downregulation of the subunits following deafferentation and epileptic seizures. The rearrangement of iGluRs and the alteration of their subunit composition transform neurons into “pathological” cells, determining the further plasticity or pathology of the hippocampal formation. In the present review, we summarize the expression of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor subunits following deafferentation, repeated mild seizures, and status epilepticus. We compare our results to literature descriptions, and draw conclusions as to the reactive plasticity of iGluRs in the hippocampus. MDPI 2019-02-27 /pmc/articles/PMC6429472/ /pubmed/30818767 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051030 Text en © 2019 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Mihály, András
The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies
title The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies
title_full The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies
title_fullStr The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies
title_full_unstemmed The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies
title_short The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies
title_sort reactive plasticity of hippocampal ionotropic glutamate receptors in animal epilepsies
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429472/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30818767
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051030
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