La ponction biopsie rénale: indications, complications et résultats

Renal needle biopsy (RNB) is the gold standard in the diagnosis of kidney diseases. It is an invasive technique causing several complications, in particular hemorrhagic events. This study aims to evaluate our RNB practice, to update the current understanding of the technique for percutaneous renal biopsy, to assess complications and to determine the prevalence of kidney diseases diagnosed in our region. We conducted a retrospective study between January 2015 and June 2017. Sixty-nine patients hospitalized in the Division of Nephrology at the University Hospital Mohamed VI Oujda having undergone native kidney biopsy were included in the study. The average age of patients, at the time of RNB, was 38.16 ±13 years [12-77 years], with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.86. Nephrotic syndrome was the most frequent indication for RNB in all age groups. Glomerular kidney diseases accounted for 81% of kidney diseases, divided as follows: extra-membranous glomerulonephritis in 19% of patients, focal and segmental hyalinosis in 18%, lupus nephritisin in 11%, chronic glomerulonephrites in 11%, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in 7%, extracapillary glomerulonephritis in 5% shared equally with renal amyloidosis. Four percent of RNB showed diabetic nephropathy. Histopathological examination revealed acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis, minimal glomerular lesion, immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, vasculitis, tubulo-interstizial nephropathies as well as thrombotic microangiopathy, with an estimated rate of 2% respectively. Five percent of RNB showed non-glomerular disease. Macroscopic haematuria was the main complication observed in our case series, with a rate of 2.8%. RNB is the gold standard in the diagnosis of renal disease. However, syndromic diagnosis enables clinician to identify the most probable renal disease and to guide any emergency treatment.