Endocrine Manifestations in POEMS Syndrome: a case report and literature review

BACKGROUND: POEMS syndrome, a rare systemic disease, is characterized by 5 components: Peripheral neuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, M protein elevation, and Skin changes. It usually presents with multiplex endocrine manifestations and is easily misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated. CASE PRESENTATION: We report herein a case of POEMS syndrome that initially presented as hyperpigmentation and severe pitting edema of the lower extremities. Throughout the patient’s multiple hospitalizations for more than one year, he was treated erroneously for Addison’s disease and primary hypothyroidism due to the presence of limb numbness and weight loss. In addition, he was misdiagnosed with diabetic peripheral neuropathy due to a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: Endocrinopathy is a critical feature of POEMS syndrome but its mechanisms are still poorly understood. The most common endocrine abnormality is hypogonadism, and the second is adrenal insufficiency, followed by hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, then diabetes or glucose intolerance. In cases of the coexistence of endocrinopathy and unexplained peripheral neuropathy, especially in multisystem disorders, POEMS syndrome should be considered. Endocrine evaluation including thyrotropin, free thyroxine, fasting glucose, gonadal hormones, prolactin, cortisol, ACTH, and calcium should be assessed. The purpose of the current report was to provide increased awareness of POEMS syndrome.