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The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896
OBJECTIVES: To derive conversions of antiquated exposure data into modern equivalents and to apply these in the assessment of the skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896. METHODS: The literature 1896–2018 was searched for implicit and explicit dose information. The early implicit dose data contai...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439109/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30923937 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0710-1 |
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author | Kemerink, Gerrit J. Kütterer, Gerhard Kicken, Pierre J. van Engelshoven, Jos M. A. Simon, Kees J. Wildberger, Joachim E. |
author_facet | Kemerink, Gerrit J. Kütterer, Gerhard Kicken, Pierre J. van Engelshoven, Jos M. A. Simon, Kees J. Wildberger, Joachim E. |
author_sort | Kemerink, Gerrit J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: To derive conversions of antiquated exposure data into modern equivalents and to apply these in the assessment of the skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896. METHODS: The literature 1896–2018 was searched for implicit and explicit dose information. The early implicit dose data contained now obsolete descriptions of radiation quality and quantity for long since disappeared X-ray systems of limited efficiency. Converting the old information into modern specifications was achieved using contemporary data and computer simulations. Final dose calculations were done with modern software. Explicit radiation doses of later date reported in old quantities and units were adapted according to current recommendations. RESULTS: For the period before 1927 conversion algorithms for spark gap data and penetrometer hardnesses to high voltage could be derived. Electrical and X-ray efficiencies of several old röntgen systems were determined. Together they allowed reconstruction of 53 doses. After 1927 doses were generally explicitly specified; 114 were retrieved. Although an enormous spread was observed, the average skin dose was reduced by a factor of about 400. CONCLUSIONS: Antiquated exposure data were successfully used for dose reconstruction. Extreme dose variability was a constant. Efforts to cut down doses were effective as skin doses went down from sub-erythema values to about one milligray. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s13244-019-0710-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6439109 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-64391092019-04-15 The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 Kemerink, Gerrit J. Kütterer, Gerhard Kicken, Pierre J. van Engelshoven, Jos M. A. Simon, Kees J. Wildberger, Joachim E. Insights Imaging Original Article OBJECTIVES: To derive conversions of antiquated exposure data into modern equivalents and to apply these in the assessment of the skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896. METHODS: The literature 1896–2018 was searched for implicit and explicit dose information. The early implicit dose data contained now obsolete descriptions of radiation quality and quantity for long since disappeared X-ray systems of limited efficiency. Converting the old information into modern specifications was achieved using contemporary data and computer simulations. Final dose calculations were done with modern software. Explicit radiation doses of later date reported in old quantities and units were adapted according to current recommendations. RESULTS: For the period before 1927 conversion algorithms for spark gap data and penetrometer hardnesses to high voltage could be derived. Electrical and X-ray efficiencies of several old röntgen systems were determined. Together they allowed reconstruction of 53 doses. After 1927 doses were generally explicitly specified; 114 were retrieved. Although an enormous spread was observed, the average skin dose was reduced by a factor of about 400. CONCLUSIONS: Antiquated exposure data were successfully used for dose reconstruction. Extreme dose variability was a constant. Efforts to cut down doses were effective as skin doses went down from sub-erythema values to about one milligray. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s13244-019-0710-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2019-03-29 /pmc/articles/PMC6439109/ /pubmed/30923937 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0710-1 Text en © The Author(s). 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Kemerink, Gerrit J. Kütterer, Gerhard Kicken, Pierre J. van Engelshoven, Jos M. A. Simon, Kees J. Wildberger, Joachim E. The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 |
title | The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 |
title_full | The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 |
title_fullStr | The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 |
title_full_unstemmed | The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 |
title_short | The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 |
title_sort | skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896 |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439109/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30923937 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0710-1 |
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