Eelgrass Sediment Microbiome as a Nitrous Oxide Sink in Brackish Lake Akkeshi, Japan

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a powerful greenhouse gas; however, limited information is currently available on the microbiomes involved in its sink and source in seagrass meadow sediments. Using laboratory incubations, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of N(2)O reductase (nosZ) and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes, and a metagenome analysis based on the nosZ gene, we investigated the abundance of N(2)O-reducing microorganisms and ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes as well as the community compositions of N(2)O-reducing microorganisms in in situ and cultivated sediments in the non-eelgrass and eelgrass zones of Lake Akkeshi, Japan. Laboratory incubations showed that N(2)O was reduced by eelgrass sediments and emitted by non-eelgrass sediments. qPCR analyses revealed that the abundance of nosZ gene clade II in both sediments before and after the incubation as higher in the eelgrass zone than in the non-eelgrass zone. In contrast, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal amoA genes increased after incubations in the non-eelgrass zone only. Metagenome analyses of nosZ genes revealed that the lineages Dechloromonas-Magnetospirillum-Thiocapsa and Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteriia) within nosZ gene clade II were the main populations in the N(2)O-reducing microbiome in the in situ sediments of eelgrass zones. Sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria within nosZ gene clade II dominated in the lineage Dechloromonas-Magnetospirillum-Thiocapsa. Alphaproteobacteria within nosZ gene clade I were predominant in both zones. The proportions of Epsilonproteobacteria within nosZ gene clade II increased after incubations in the eelgrass zone microcosm supplemented with N(2)O only. Collectively, these results suggest that the N(2)O-reducing microbiome in eelgrass meadows is largely responsible for coastal N(2)O mitigation.