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Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs
Over the years, pain has contributed to low life quality, poor health, and economic loss. Opioids are very effective analgesic drugs for treating mild, moderate, or severe pain. Therapeutic application of opioids has been limited by short and long-term side effects. These side effects and opioid-ove...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6445891/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30971961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00157 |
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author | Zjawiony, Jordan K. Machado, Antônio S. Menegatti, Ricardo Ghedini, Paulo C. Costa, Elson A. Pedrino, Gustavo R. Lukas, Scott E. Franco, Octávio L. Silva, Osmar N. Fajemiroye, James O. |
author_facet | Zjawiony, Jordan K. Machado, Antônio S. Menegatti, Ricardo Ghedini, Paulo C. Costa, Elson A. Pedrino, Gustavo R. Lukas, Scott E. Franco, Octávio L. Silva, Osmar N. Fajemiroye, James O. |
author_sort | Zjawiony, Jordan K. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Over the years, pain has contributed to low life quality, poor health, and economic loss. Opioids are very effective analgesic drugs for treating mild, moderate, or severe pain. Therapeutic application of opioids has been limited by short and long-term side effects. These side effects and opioid-overuse crisis has intensified interest in the search for new molecular targets and drugs. The present review focuses on salvinorin A and its analogs with the aim of exploring their structural and pharmacological profiles as clues for the development of safer analgesics. Ethnopharmacological reports and growing preclinical data have demonstrated the antinociceptive effect of salvinorin A and some of its analogs. The pharmacology of analogs modified at C-2 dominates the literature when compared to the ones from other positions. The distinctive binding affinity of these analogs seems to correlate with their chemical structure and in vivo antinociceptive effects. The high susceptibility of salvinorin A to chemical modification makes it an important pharmacological tool for cellular probing and developing analogs with promising analgesic effects. Additional research is still needed to draw reliable conclusions on the therapeutic potential of salvinorin A and its analogs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6445891 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-64458912019-04-10 Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs Zjawiony, Jordan K. Machado, Antônio S. Menegatti, Ricardo Ghedini, Paulo C. Costa, Elson A. Pedrino, Gustavo R. Lukas, Scott E. Franco, Octávio L. Silva, Osmar N. Fajemiroye, James O. Front Psychiatry Psychiatry Over the years, pain has contributed to low life quality, poor health, and economic loss. Opioids are very effective analgesic drugs for treating mild, moderate, or severe pain. Therapeutic application of opioids has been limited by short and long-term side effects. These side effects and opioid-overuse crisis has intensified interest in the search for new molecular targets and drugs. The present review focuses on salvinorin A and its analogs with the aim of exploring their structural and pharmacological profiles as clues for the development of safer analgesics. Ethnopharmacological reports and growing preclinical data have demonstrated the antinociceptive effect of salvinorin A and some of its analogs. The pharmacology of analogs modified at C-2 dominates the literature when compared to the ones from other positions. The distinctive binding affinity of these analogs seems to correlate with their chemical structure and in vivo antinociceptive effects. The high susceptibility of salvinorin A to chemical modification makes it an important pharmacological tool for cellular probing and developing analogs with promising analgesic effects. Additional research is still needed to draw reliable conclusions on the therapeutic potential of salvinorin A and its analogs. Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-03-27 /pmc/articles/PMC6445891/ /pubmed/30971961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00157 Text en Copyright © 2019 Zjawiony, Machado, Menegatti, Ghedini, Costa, Pedrino, Lukas, Franco, Silva and Fajemiroye. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychiatry Zjawiony, Jordan K. Machado, Antônio S. Menegatti, Ricardo Ghedini, Paulo C. Costa, Elson A. Pedrino, Gustavo R. Lukas, Scott E. Franco, Octávio L. Silva, Osmar N. Fajemiroye, James O. Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs |
title | Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs |
title_full | Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs |
title_fullStr | Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs |
title_full_unstemmed | Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs |
title_short | Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs |
title_sort | cutting-edge search for safer opioid pain relief: retrospective review of salvinorin a and its analogs |
topic | Psychiatry |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6445891/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30971961 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00157 |
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