Tailoring exceptional points with one-dimensional graphene-embedded photonic crystals

We theoretically demonstrate that tunable exceptional points (EPs) can be realized by using graphene-embedded one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals with optical pumping in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. By tuning the Fermi level of graphene sheet, the energy band are altered significantly and the EP appears. In particular, multiple EPs at different frequencies can be selectively produced via subtly adjusting the band structure. Furthermore, topological features of these EPs, such as crossing and anti-crossing of the real and imaginary parts of the eigenvalues, have been analyzed in detail. We expect that tunable EPs can provide an instructive method to design active optical devices based on photoexcited graphene sheets in the THz frequency range.