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Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda
INTRODUCTION: Paper currency notes, exchangeable fomite, that is continuously contaminated because of the poor handling and storage practices. Objective: the general objective of the study was to determine the bacterial contamination of paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Na...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The African Field Epidemiology Network
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6462491/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31037203 http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.143.16738 |
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author | Allan, Muhumuza Atuhaire, Catherine Nathan, Musisi Ejobi, Francis Cumber, Samuel Nambile |
author_facet | Allan, Muhumuza Atuhaire, Catherine Nathan, Musisi Ejobi, Francis Cumber, Samuel Nambile |
author_sort | Allan, Muhumuza |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Paper currency notes, exchangeable fomite, that is continuously contaminated because of the poor handling and storage practices. Objective: the general objective of the study was to determine the bacterial contamination of paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex. METHODS: A total of sixty paper notes of six denominations (1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000) were collected from different food vendors. Each note was preserved in a sterile falcon tube and transported to the microbiology lab for bacteriological examination. Data from questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS version 23 (IBM SPSS Statistics). RESULTS: All sampled paper notes had bacterial contamination. The bacterial counts ranged from 4×10(2)cfu/ml to 6.8×10(9) cfu/ml, with the Shs.1000 notes having the highest average total bacterial load of 2.17×10(9) cfu/ml and highest average total coli form counts of 21.5×10(2) cfu/ml. The fifty thousand shillings note had no coliform detected. Of the analysed 60 samples, 27(45%) samples contained Staphylococcus aureus. None of the sampled paper notes had Escherichia coli. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that most of Ugandan paper notes are contaminated with bacteria including potential pathogens that cause disease in healthy individuals and opportunistic pathogens that may cause disease in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. This study showed that the most contaminated note denominations were those of low denomination (Shs.1000 and Shs.2000) which had the highest bacterial count. The study revealed the paper currency notes were stored in different places where the commonest was the drawer and kept with different items, the commonest being pens. Hence, great care must be taken while handling money during the preparation and handling of food to avoid cross contamination. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6462491 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | The African Field Epidemiology Network |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-64624912019-04-29 Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda Allan, Muhumuza Atuhaire, Catherine Nathan, Musisi Ejobi, Francis Cumber, Samuel Nambile Pan Afr Med J Research INTRODUCTION: Paper currency notes, exchangeable fomite, that is continuously contaminated because of the poor handling and storage practices. Objective: the general objective of the study was to determine the bacterial contamination of paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex. METHODS: A total of sixty paper notes of six denominations (1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000) were collected from different food vendors. Each note was preserved in a sterile falcon tube and transported to the microbiology lab for bacteriological examination. Data from questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS version 23 (IBM SPSS Statistics). RESULTS: All sampled paper notes had bacterial contamination. The bacterial counts ranged from 4×10(2)cfu/ml to 6.8×10(9) cfu/ml, with the Shs.1000 notes having the highest average total bacterial load of 2.17×10(9) cfu/ml and highest average total coli form counts of 21.5×10(2) cfu/ml. The fifty thousand shillings note had no coliform detected. Of the analysed 60 samples, 27(45%) samples contained Staphylococcus aureus. None of the sampled paper notes had Escherichia coli. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that most of Ugandan paper notes are contaminated with bacteria including potential pathogens that cause disease in healthy individuals and opportunistic pathogens that may cause disease in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. This study showed that the most contaminated note denominations were those of low denomination (Shs.1000 and Shs.2000) which had the highest bacterial count. The study revealed the paper currency notes were stored in different places where the commonest was the drawer and kept with different items, the commonest being pens. Hence, great care must be taken while handling money during the preparation and handling of food to avoid cross contamination. The African Field Epidemiology Network 2018-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC6462491/ /pubmed/31037203 http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.143.16738 Text en © Muhumuza Allan et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Allan, Muhumuza Atuhaire, Catherine Nathan, Musisi Ejobi, Francis Cumber, Samuel Nambile Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda |
title | Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda |
title_full | Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda |
title_fullStr | Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda |
title_full_unstemmed | Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda |
title_short | Bacterial contamination of Ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around Mulago Hospital complex, Uganda |
title_sort | bacterial contamination of ugandan paper currency notes possessed by food vendors around mulago hospital complex, uganda |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6462491/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31037203 http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.143.16738 |
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